The global warming potential of production and consumption of Kenyan tea

Azapagic, Adisa; Bore, J. K.; Cheserek, B.; Kamunya, S. M.; Elbehri, Aziz

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.029

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The main source of carbon emissions in the tea product life cycle is electricity consumption from boiling a pot of water at 0.06 KWh using an electric kettle with grid electricity. Results in this study confirmed the findings of Munasinghe et al [36], Azapagic et al [37], and Doublet and Jungbluth [55]. Therefore, carbon footprint can be reduced through the minimization of the frequency of boiling water (such as heat preservation) or use of highly efficient boiling water facilities.…”

Section: Carbon Footprint Analysis Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea

Chen

Huang

et al. 2019

Energies

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Climate change is an important global environmental threat. Agriculture aggravates climate change by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and in response, climate change reduces agricultural productivity. Consequently, the modern agricultural development mode has progressively transformed into a kind of sustainable development mode. This study aimed to determine the environmental impact and carbon footprint of Dongshan tea from Yilan County. Environmental impact was assessed with use of SimaPro version 8.0.2 and IMPACT2002+. Results showed that climate change has the largest impact upon it in general, followed by human health, natural resources, and ecosystem quality. Furthermore, with use of the IPCC 2007 100a method for carbon footprint of products (CFP), conventional tea was found to have a CFP of 7.035 kgCO2-e, and its main contributors are the raw material (35.15%) and consumer use (45.58%) phases. From this case study, we found that the hotspots of the life cycle of environmental impact of Taiwanese tea mainly come from fertilizer input during the raw material phase, electricity use during manufacturing, and electricity use during water boiling in the consumer use phase (which contributes the largest impact). We propose the ways for consumers to use of highly efficient boiling water facilities and heating preservation, and the government must market the use of organic fertilizers in the national policy subsidies, and farmers have to prudent use of fertilizers and promote the use of local raw fertilizers, and engagement in direct sales for reducing the environmental impacts and costs of agricultural products and thus advancing sustainable agriculture development.

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Section: Carbon Footprint Analysis Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea

Chen

Huang

et al. 2019

Energies

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“…Little is published on the environmental impacts of tea cultivation and processing . The CO 2 equivalent emissions for tea cultivation and harvesting under Kenyan conditions are estimated around 0.111–0.133 kg CO 2 equivalent/kg fresh tea leaves . For GTR, an impact of 185.6–222.7 kg CO 2 equivalent/ton GTR is thus expected.…”

Section: Sustainability Evaluationsupporting

confidence: 61%

Sustainable scenarios for alkaline protein extraction from leafy biomass using green tea residue as a model material

Zhang

Slegers

Wisse

et al. 2018

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Leaf protein can be extracted cost‐efficiently using 0.1 mol dm−3 NaOH, but this process is less sustainable due to the generation of large amounts of sodium salts. KOH or Ca(OH)2 are considered as replacements for NaOH, as these salts can be reused. This work evaluates the economic and environmental sustainability of weak alkaline pectin extraction followed by KOH enhanced protein extraction, and Viscozyme® L‐aided pectin extraction followed by Ca(OH)2 enhanced protein extraction. The evaluations are made for green tea residue and are compared to related processes using NaOH. The predicted profits using KOH are comparable to those using NaOH. Environmental sustainability improves for all impact categories in the case of KOH extraction. Further environmental benefits are obtained by substituting conventional K fertilizer with the K‐rich salty waste water from the extraction process. The profits of the process using Ca(OH)2 are highly dependent on the extraction yield of the protein product. Protein extraction yields using Ca(OH)2 need to be higher than 70% to be more profitable than the same process with NaOH. The environmental benefits of Ca(OH)2 extraction include the absence of salty waste water and the net production of heat. This is accompanied by increased electricity consumption. Thus, the impact categories of climate change, fossil and water depletion, and particulate matter formation worsen. Photochemical oxidant formations remain the same, while the other impacts improve. This work has shown the potential and bottlenecks of NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)2 protein extraction on different types of biomass in terms of environmental and economic sustainability. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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“…erefore, the usage of waste materials should be explored. Tea has been recognized as the second most commonly consumed beverage in the world, and the annual output of tea is estimated more than 4 million tons [16,17]. In China, it is undoubt that a huge amount of wasted tea was produced during production or consumption, leading to the serious environmental problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Dye by Waste Black Tea Powder: Parameters, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

Lin

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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Waste black tea powder was used as a potential adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Several operating factors in adsorption of MB onto waste black tea powder were investigated, including contact time, initial MB concentration, solution pH, adsorption temperature, and dosage of waste black tea powder. Experimental results revealed that the adsorption efficiency increased with contact time and solution pH values and decreased with initial MB concentration and adsorption temperature. The equilibrium time was estimated to be around 60 min. The maximum adsorption capacity and the highest adsorption efficiency were 302.63 mg·g−1 and 100%, respectively. In kinetic study, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, intraparticle diffusion model, and Boyd and Elovich models were employed to analyze the adsorption behavior and the adsorption mechanism. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was suitable to describe the adsorption process, and the calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity was well close to the experimental data for different initial MB concentrations. The internal diffusion was not the only rate-controlling step, and the existence of boundary effect was observed in this study. From isotherm analysis, the equilibrium data were well represented by the Langmuir model, rather than Freundlich, Dubinin–Redushckevich, or Temkin models. The nonlinear fitting for various isotherm models implied that the adsorption behavior between MB and waste black tea powder was complication. Thermodynamic parameters including changes in Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy, and entropy suggested that adsorption of MB onto waste black tea powder was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The multiple regeneration/adsorption experiments indicated that the used black tea powder efficiently remained more than 75% after five cycles using NaOH as a regenerative reagent and thus be used for many times. Therefore, as a low-cost and easily available material, waste black tea powder could be applied in wastewater treatment.

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The global warming potential of production and consumption of Kenyan tea

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea

Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea

Sustainable scenarios for alkaline protein extraction from leafy biomass using green tea residue as a model material

Adsorption of Dye by Waste Black Tea Powder: Parameters, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

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