The Gonad Stimulating and the Luteinizing Hormones of the Anterior Lobe of the Hypophesis

Fevold, H. L.; Hisaw, Frederick L.; Leonard, Samuel L.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1931.97.2.291

Cited by 169 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…By 1928, Ascheim and Zondek (1) demonstrated the stimulation of gonadal function with urine derived from pregnant women. Within 3 years, Fevold provided the first convincing evidence of two gonadotrophins (2), leading to the subsequent purification of FSH and LH. Over the next 30 years, ovarian stimulation with exogenous preparations including i.v.…”

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

GnRH analogues: applications in assisted reproductive techniques

Hayden

2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

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The ability to prevent an endogenous LH surge revolutionised the efficacy of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) such that GnRH agonists were rapidly adopted in the 1980s. Prior to this, premature luteinisation occurred in up to 25% of superovulated cycles leading to cycle cancellation and severely compromised outcomes. Analogues have been applied in a variety of drug protocols (long, short flare) but there has been little research to moderate the degree of pituitary suppression. There has also been ongoing and unresolved debate about the role of LH in supporting follicular development.By 2001, the first GnRH antagonists were registered for use in ART. Their ability to cause immediate suppression of gonadotrophin (particularly LH) secretion means that they can be given after exogenous stimulation has begun and thereby dramatically shorten the total duration of a treatment cycle. After initial enthusiasm and then scepticism that pregnancy rates may not be as high as the established agonist regimens, these preparations are now being increasingly adopted with at least comparable outcomes in large trials. They are certainly favoured by patients for their reduced side-effect profile and particularly for the shortening of the total cycle length. This shift in practice is occurring alongside gathering momentum in favour of milder stimulation protocols and a new perception of what constitutes successful treatment. The focus is moving away from surrogate outcomes such as oocyte numbers and conception rates towards long-term outcomes for women and their offspring, namely the achievement of a live singleton birth per treatment started.

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Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

GnRH analogues: applications in assisted reproductive techniques

Hayden

2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…They were convinced that the hormone responsible for stimulation of the gonads was secreted by and only by the anterior pituitary and hypothesized that periodic liberation of pituitary hormone might Zondek suggested that the pituitary secretes two gonad stimulating hormones: prolan A and B and proposed that prolan A induces growth of the follicle, prolan B causes ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and secretion of lutein (= progesteron), while the combined effect of A and B promotes production of folliculin (= estrogen) [59]. In 1931 Fewold et al [60] demonstrated that two substances with different chemical properties were present in the pituitary with follicle-stimulating and luteinizing effects as suggested by Zondek. From 1930 gonadotropins from animal pituitaries were used in humans [61].…”

Section: Gonadotropinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary-gonadal axis: historical notes

Lindholm

2008

Pituitary

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Though it was appreciated at a very early time that removal of gonads had evident consequences, the anatomy and function of the gonads were essentially unknown in the Antiquity. It was not until around 1600 that men like Vesalius, de Graaf and Leeuwenhoek initiated rational studies on the structure and function of the gonads. The close relationship between gonads and hypothalamus/pituitary was recognized less than 100 years ago. The last pituitary hormone with gonadotroph effect was discovered a generation ago. This paper briefly describes some major points in the development of our knowledge of the pituitary-gonadal function. Considering the huge number of studies involved, this review reflects but a tiny fraction of the work laid down over millennia within this field.

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“…Pyridine Extracts.--In this method, 50 per cent aqueous pyridine was used as described for alcohol-ammonia powders. A similar procedure was described by Fevold, Hisaw and Leonard (7). As suggested by these authors, the pyridine powders were extracted with water and the active substance was found concentrated in the water-soluble fraction.…”

Section: Preparation Of Powders Containing the Synergistic Substancementioning

confidence: 97%

The Hypophyseal Substance Giving Increased Gonadotropic Effects When Combined With Prolan

Evans

Simpson

Austin

1933

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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In 1931 (1, 2), publication was first made from our laboratory of a prolonged series of experiments which disclosed a singular ineffectiveness of prolan 1 when administered to hypophysectomized animals. ~ In seeking an explanation of these facts it seemed likely that the effect of prolan on normal young animals must therefore be strengthened by some element furnished by the animal's own hypophysis. An endeavor was hence made to increase the prolan effect in normal young animals by combining prolan with hypophyseal extracts. A clear-cut synergism was demonstrated by combining the two substances (3, 4). The first results were secured by combining with hypophyseal extracts containing the growth hormone, and from preliminary considerations it seemed probable that the growth hormone in the growthpromoting extracts was responsible for the new phenomenon. The * Aided by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and from the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex of the National Research Council. We desire here also to express our thanks to the I. G. of Elberfeld, Germany, who, through Drs. Ht~rlein, W. Schulemann and F. Laqueur, placed generous amounts of prolan at our disposal, and finally, to Eli Lilly and Company of Indianapolis, without whose assistance in securing hypophyseal products this research would have been impossible.For the sake of convenience, we have employed this term (after Zondek) to designate the substance in the urine of pregnant women which precociously stimulates ovarian development in immature rats or mice.~' So impressive indeed was this experience that it at first indicated the total incapacity of proian, regardless of dose, to effect the sexual system of hypophysectomized animals, although later work showed that this result could be obtained with extremely high dosage (2, 5).

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The Gonad Stimulating and the Luteinizing Hormones of the Anterior Lobe of the Hypophesis

Cited by 169 publications

References 0 publications

GnRH analogues: applications in assisted reproductive techniques

GnRH analogues: applications in assisted reproductive techniques

Pituitary-gonadal axis: historical notes

The Hypophyseal Substance Giving Increased Gonadotropic Effects When Combined With Prolan

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