The governance of global value chains, the state, and small businesses: The case of timber in Myanmar

Abstract

We use the case of the timber industry in Myanmar to analyse how national regulatory frameworks and international ecological discourses affect forest management and small businesses. The state plays two roles in the timber industry in Myanmar: it is the main producer and legal source of raw timber for the private sector; and it regulates timber extraction and the legality of operation of private sector firms. The state seeks a balance between forest conservation as a public policy objective and providing enough raw timber for the private sector. The implications of this for the private sector are twofold. The strict regulatory framework increases operational costs, as multiple licences and permits are required. And the state-controlled supply of raw materials results in inefficiencies, such as shortage and high raw timber prices. Under these conditions, the smallholder wood industry in Myanmar is at risk of stagnating at best, if not disappearing.

Agro-industry, exports, and income distribution: A multiplier decomposition analysis for Myanmar

“…In particular, this relates to the role of the state as regulator and supplier of raw materials. While Rand, Rodriguez et al (2019) do not reveal much in terms of downstream activities, , in other work related to the same recent enterprise survey, show that in terms of the number of firms, food, textiles, and wood are the most common industries. Thus, while food production may not be a well-developed or very competitive sector in Myanmar, it is the most common industry by far.…”

“…The wood industry suffers from its own set of problems, as described by Rand, Rodriguez et al (2019). In particular, this relates to the role of the state as regulator and supplier of raw materials.…”