“…operation and maintenance phase), the moment when initial contractual commitments can be contrasted to actual governing activity, collaborative patterns, and contractual changes (Verweij et al, 2017). Furthermore, there is mixed evidence of PPP performance in terms of delivering infrastructure on time and within budget (Hodge & Greve, 2007;Johnston & Gudergan, 2007;Van den Hurk & Verhoest, 2015), satisfying the needs of taxpayers and end-users (Hodge & Greve, 2010), providing flexibility along the project cycle (Blanken, 2008;Cruz & Marques, 2013), and satisfactory outcomes according to managerial perception (Verweij, 2015). PPPs are not immune to traditional conflicts due to risk misallocation (Hoezen, 2012), displaced-agency problems (Volker & Hoezen, 2017), and role ambiguity (Anastasopoulos, Haddock, & Peeta, 2014).…”