The Graphical Assessment of Multivariate Normality Using SPSS

Nor, Arifin Wan

doi:10.5959/eimj.v7i2.361

Cited by 44 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Kim (2013) stated that if the |skewness| > 2 or |kurtosis| > 7, the data did not form a normal distribution. multivariate normal distribution, the Chi-square and Mahalanobis distance plot will form a straight line (Nor, 2015). Figure 2 showed that the variables of this sample formed a multivariate normal distribution.…”

Section: Multivariate Normal Testmentioning

confidence: 80%

Entrepreneurial role models and college students’ entrepreneurial calling: A moderated mediation model

et al. 2023

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IntroductionCollege entrepreneurship education should not only cultivate a group of college students who have strong willingness to start a business immediately after graduation, but also pay attention to future entrepreneurship success of college students. Correspondingly, in addition to attaching importance to improving college students’ entrepreneurial intention, college entrepreneurship education should pay attention to improving college students’ entrepreneurial calling. At present, there is insufficient research on the association between entrepreneurial role models and entrepreneurial calling. We aim to study the mechanism and boundary condition of the association between entrepreneurial role models and entrepreneurial calling.MethodsA longitudinal survey was distributed among 519 students from 16 colleges and universities in China. In the survey, the college students answered questions on entrepreneurial role models, entrepreneurial calling, entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial hands-on practice. Hierarchical regression was conducted, testing the association between entrepreneurial role models and entrepreneurial calling of college students, mediated by entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control and moderated by entrepreneurial hands-on practice.ResultsTherefore, based on the social learning theory, the theory of planned behavior and the entrepreneurial event model, and by hierarchical regression of the data, this study confirmed that entrepreneurial role models were positively associated with college students’ entrepreneurial calling by partially mediating with entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control. Moreover, Entrepreneurial hands-on practice positively moderated not only the relationship between entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial calling, but also the mediating association of entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control between entrepreneurial role models and entrepreneurial calling.DiscussionThis study not only enriches the theoretical research on entrepreneurial calling and entrepreneurial role models, but also provides valuable educational enlightenment for colleges and universities to improve the students’ entrepreneurial calling.

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Section: Multivariate Normal Testmentioning

confidence: 80%

Entrepreneurial role models and college students’ entrepreneurial calling: A moderated mediation model

et al. 2023

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“…After controlling for univariate outliers, Mahalanobis distances revealed no multivariate outliers (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2013). Lastly, univariate normality was checked by visually inspecting the histogram and evaluating skewness and kurtosis of every variable, and multivariate normality was assessed by plotting the Mahalanobis distance and v 2 on a scatter plot (Arifin, 2015). Examination of univariate and multivariate normality indicated non-normal distributions for multiple variables.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of Creativity in Primary Education: An Empirical Confirmation of the Amusement Park Theory

Willemsen

Schoevers

Kroesbergen

2019

Journal of Creative Behavior

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In this study, we explored the structure of pupils' creativity in primary education following the Amusement Park Theory, by investigating undiscovered linkages between the domains of writing, mathematics, and drawing. More specifically, we examined: (a) whether some domains and general thematic areas are more closely related to each other than to others, (b) whether literacy and mathematical ability are specific underlying traits of creativity in writing and mathematics, respectively, and (c) whether intelligence and divergent thinking are related to creativity in all domains. The sample consisted of 331 Dutch 4th grade pupils. For each research question, a model was analyzed using structural equation modeling. We found creativity in mathematics and creativity in writing to be most similar, followed by creativity in mathematics and creativity in drawing, with creativity in writing and creativity in drawing being least similar. Additionally, we found evidence for several underlying traits (i.e., literacy ability and mathematical ability) and initial requirements of creativity (i.e., intelligence and divergent thinking), none of which were important for creativity in only one domain, and of which only intelligence was important for creativity in all domains. Herewith, our study provides insights regarding the complexity of the structure of creativity in primary education.

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“…Before the hypotheses testing, the reliability of the model and edited data had to be tested within the final sample ( N = 162). Multivariate normality of the six variables (experiential avoidance, identity avoidance, moral avoidance, deficit-value avoidance and advertising avoidance and brand hate) in the research model was assessed by examining the scatter plot of the chi-square values versus the Mahalanobis distances (D 2 ) of all 162 observations, with seven degrees of freedom (Nor, 2015). The analysis suggests multivariate normality, as the scatter plot in Figure 1 shows.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brand hate in the cosmetic industry: drugstore versus luxury make-up brands

Xin Ying Ong,

Vila-Lopez

2023

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Purpose Marketing scholars have begun to look at negative emotions that young consumers could develop toward brands, such as brand hate. Brand hate has experienced exponential growth during the past decades in the cosmetic industry. In this frame, the purpose of this paper is to identify the weight of each of the five key drivers of brand hate and to analyze if these weights are the same (or not) for drugstore and luxury make-up brands regarding. Design/methodology/approach To carry on this paper, brand haters in the make-up industry were contacted with the help of cosmetic influencers. Participants of the online questionnaire (N = 162) were existing young makeup consumers. They were divided into drugstore and luxury makeup brand haters by classifying their identified hated brands into either group. Findings The authors’ results showed, first, that experiential, identity, moral, deficit-value and advertising avoidance all had a positive effect on brand hate, being identity avoidance the strongest one. Second, drugstore and luxury makeup brand haters do not differ, as far as no differences were identified in the strength of each avoidance type on brand hate. Originality/value There is a gap in the literature related to the absence of work investigating brand hate in the make-up industry; moreover, studies measure whether brand hate drivers are the same (or not) for luxury brands and drugstore brands that compete in the same arena. In this framework, this research will provide a specific industry context involving young consumer opinions. Research into consumer–brand relationships has been largely focused on the positive forms, while the negative forms are still a relatively newer area of academic interest. Even more, brand hate has been investigated from a multidimensional approach linking proposals from different authors has been tested.

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The Graphical Assessment of Multivariate Normality Using SPSS

Abstract: Multivariate analyses depend on multivariate normality assumption.

Cited by 44 publications

References 1 publication

Entrepreneurial role models and college students’ entrepreneurial calling: A moderated mediation model

Entrepreneurial role models and college students’ entrepreneurial calling: A moderated mediation model

The Structure of Creativity in Primary Education: An Empirical Confirmation of the Amusement Park Theory

Brand hate in the cosmetic industry: drugstore versus luxury make-up brands

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