The great mistake of plantation programs in cocoa agroforests – Let's bet on natural regeneration to sustainably provide timber wood

Kouassi, Aimé K.; Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir; Aussenac, Raphaël; Kouamé, Isaac K.; Dago, Marie R.; N’Guessan, Anny Estelle; Jagoret, Patrick; Hérault, Bruno

doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2023.100386

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Un tel système agroforestier doit être clairement distingué de tout autre système agroforestier ayant une histoire et une trajectoire différentes. En la matière, le nouveau Code forestier ivoirien de 2019 est idoine pour promouvoir l'agroforesterie Kouassi et al, 2023), for which 150 permanent plots were set up throughout Côte d'Ivoire's cocoa production zone. To retain only agroforestry plots in the strict definition, the plots were filtered to keep only those with a basal area of trees greater than 10 m 2 /ha.…”

Section: Agroforesterie De Reforestationunclassified

“…Au contraire, une parcelle agroforestière dominée par des arbres spontanés ou plantés témoigne de la lente construction, par le cacaoculteur, d'un système agroforestier où les arbres ont été activement choisis, entretenus et accompagnés dans leur croissance. Cette grille de lecture permet d'éclairer la situation actuelle du verger cacaoyer ivoirien (Kouassi et al, 2023).…”

Section: Tableau Iunclassified

“…Figure 1.Densité d'observations de parcelles agroforestières en fonction du pourcentage de surface terrière occupé par les arbres rémanents. Les données proviennent du projet Cocoa4Future (détails dansKouassi et al, 2023) pour lequel 150 parcelles permanentes ont été installées sur toute la zone cacaoyère ivoirienne. Pour ne retenir que les parcelles agroforestières au sens strict, les parcelles ont été filtrées pour ne garder que les parcelles ayant une surface terrière d'arbres supérieure à 10 m 2 /ha.…”

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“…Sont représentés en noir, la densité d'observations, en rouge, le maximum local correspondant à une dominance d'arbres non rémanents (agroforesterie de reforestation), en vert, le maximum local correspondant à une dominance d'arbres rémanents (agroforesterie de déforestation).Density of observations of agroforestry plots as a function of the percentage of basal area occupied by remnant trees. The data come from the Cocoa4Future project (details inKouassi et al, 2023), for which 150 permanent plots were set up throughout Côte d'Ivoire's cocoa production zone. To retain only agroforestry plots in the strict definition, the plots were filtered to keep only those with a basal area of trees greater than 10 m 2 /ha.…”

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Promouvoir l’agroforesterie ? Les leçons de la Côte d’Ivoire

ZO-BI,

HÉRAULT

2023

Bois for. trop.

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L'émergence de l'agroforesterie en Côte d'Ivoire est devenue une priorité nationale. Le secteur agricole du pays génère 70 % des recettes d'exportation, emploie les deux tiers de la population active et contribue à un tiers du PIB. Cependant, ces performances économiques remarquables reposent sur une agriculture de rente qui se développe au détriment des forêts naturelles, entraînant l'un des taux de déforestation les plus alarmants au monde. Pour faire face à cette situation, l'État ivoirien promeut l'agroforesterie comme solution, en particulier dans le secteur du cacao. Cependant, une analyse fine de l’origine des arbres présents dans les champs suggère que l'agroforesterie en Côte d'Ivoire peut être divisée en deux catégories : l'agroforesterie de reforestation, qui permet de reconstituer le couvert forestier en associant progressivement des arbres aux cacaoyers, et l'agroforesterie de déforestation, qui dégrade et appauvrit la couverture forestière en convertissant les forêts naturelles en systèmes agroforestiers. Il est crucial de distinguer ces deux formes d'agroforesterie afin de développer des politiques qui encouragent la reforestation plutôt que la déforestation. Il est également nécessaire de mettre en place des indicateurs dynamiques qui permettent d’évaluer les trajectoires agroforestières des champs dans le temps et, ainsi, de favoriser un engagement à long terme des agriculteurs dans l'augmentation de la couverture forestière.

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Section: Agroforesterie De Reforestationunclassified

Section: Tableau Iunclassified

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Promouvoir l’agroforesterie ? Les leçons de la Côte d’Ivoire

ZO-BI,

HÉRAULT

2023

Bois for. trop.

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“…These can be of three origins: remnant trees of previous vegetation, where cacao was planted under shade, trees planted as a (simple or complex) cacao agroforestry system, or trees that were established (or were transplanted) after the cacao started (Ordonez et al 2014). A substantial part of timber currently harvested from cacao agroforest is of the first type, while future harvests will be of the third type, while the success rate of the second may be lower than expected (Kouassi et al 2023). Climate change is likely to shift the optimum allocation of growth resources to roots .…”

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Soil recovery in cacao and coffee agroforestry systems : Litter, roots, carbon, and water

Saputra

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Soil degradation, driven by natural and anthropogenic factors, threatens our ability to support the growing global population and their well-being. Land use systems (LUS) that serve as an interface between 'actors' and 'land cover' can be characterized by GxExM interplay, representing the Genotype (G) by Environment (E) interactions, subject to Management (M). GxExM is a major cause of soil degradation. However, GxExM interactions can also serve as the basis for soil restoration, such as through agroforestry practices that involve retaining, planting, and wellmanaging (M) the right trees (G) in the right places on farms (E). This thesis investigates the capacity of cacao and coffee-based agroforestry systems in Indonesia to support soil recovery from various disturbances while maintaining their multifunctionality and economic performance. To address this question, a comprehensive approach involving spatial patterns, dynamic processes, and modeling techniques was applied. The thesis started with a focus on the soil recovery of different LUS following deforestation in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study compared various LUS, including remnant forest, cacao-based agroforestry systems (simple and complex), cacao monoculture, and annual food crops. The findings revealed that complex agroforestry systems with diverse tree species exhibited higher root density in the upper soil layer, which was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC). The increases in root density and SOC were associated with improved macroporosity, although the impact on aggregate stability and soil infiltration was modest. Furthermore, the thesis explores the multifunctionality and economic performance of cacao-based agroforestry systems using the process-based WaNuLCAS model. Different agroforestry systems involving the companion trees and crops were evaluated against various scenarios, including cacao root densities, soil textures, and climate regimes. The simulation results indicated that cacao agroforestry systems outperformed monoculture in terms of carbon stocks but had limited effects on water-related functions. Additionally, high root density cacao systems demonstrated better resilience to water scarcity, emphasizing the importance of root structure. Integration of cacao with annual crops or fruit trees showed the highest economic performance, with fruit tree combinations being more labor-efficient. However, intercropping cacao with fastgrowing trees in water-limited regions was detrimental to multifunctionality and economic performance. The next part of the thesis investigates the impact of volcanic ash deposition on topsoil properties and their recovery in different LUS around Mt. Kelud in East Java, Indonesia. The study compared soil properties before and after the volcanic eruption in remnant forest, coffee-based agroforestry (simple and complex), and annual food crops. Within three years, volcanic ash homogenized soil properties, affecting litter thickness, aggregate stability, and soil infiltration. Although these prope...

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What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field

Dago,

Zo‐Bi,

Konan

et al. 2024

People and Nature

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West Africa, the largest cocoa‐producing region globally, has experienced significant deforestation in recent decades, leading countries to implement large‐scale agroforestry policies; however, most studies on farmers' adoption of agroforestry fail to consider the social (Who?), historical (When?), geographical (Where?), and ecological (What?) factors that influence their motivations to value trees. Drawing from a sample of 150 farmers responsible for the management of 12,096 trees, we quantified the motivations of farmers for 10 material and immaterial uses of trees and used a Bayesian modelling framework to explore the relative importance of the 4 W framework in explaining general motivations, specific to each use, as well as the varying levels of specialization in tree management strategies among farmers. The distribution of use values by category shows that the highest values are associated with (i) agronomic uses (such as shade for cocoa trees and soil fertilization), (ii) food for human consumption, (iii) social purposes, and (iv) medicinal uses. All four aspects of the 4 W framework significantly contribute to understanding farmers' deep motivations, while the influence of each 4 W determinant varies based on the specific material and immaterial uses being considered. The level of specialization or diversification in cocoa farmers' motivations is significantly influenced by their knowledge of tree species and cocoa tree density, with knowledgeable farmers exhibiting greater diversification, while higher cocoa tree density and the presence of remnant trees lead to more specialized strategies that hinder agroforestry adoption. From a political perspective, it is urgent that stakeholders involved in the promotion of agroforestry consider all dimensions of the farmer‐field system. The diversity of farmers' life histories (Who), of cultivated landscapes (Where), of field systems (What), and of time trajectories (When) present both constraints and opportunities with which farmers must contend to transition to much‐desired agroforestry systems. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

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The great mistake of plantation programs in cocoa agroforests – Let's bet on natural regeneration to sustainably provide timber wood

Cited by 11 publications

References 52 publications

Promouvoir l’agroforesterie ? Les leçons de la Côte d’Ivoire

Promouvoir l’agroforesterie ? Les leçons de la Côte d’Ivoire

Soil recovery in cacao and coffee agroforestry systems : Litter, roots, carbon, and water

What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field

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