The great recession and unpaid work time in the United States – Does poverty matter?

Khitarishvili, Tamar; Kim, Ki-Jong

doi:10.13085/eijtur.12.1.19-48

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For Aim 3, we con duct Blinder-Oaxaca decom po si tions 2003-2005to2015-2017attrib ut abletobehav ioralchange(althoughweacknowl edge unob served and unmea sur able covariates could also be at play). This over all method of decomposing com po si tional change ver sus behav ioral change is more com moninotherappli ca tions(e.g.,gen derandrace/eth nic itypaygaps)buthasalso been used in stud ies exam in ing expla na tions for shifts in time use (Babcock and Marks2011;Genadeketal.2016;Khitarishvili and Kim 2014;Pagán 2013). Because decom po si tion results can vary by the omit ted cat e gory among dummy covariates, we fol low recommended pro ce dures of nor mal iz ing dummy var i able effects and estimat ing their devi a tion from a grand mean (Yun 2005).…”

Section: Analytic Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Mothers' Parenting Time by Education and Work From 2003 to 2017

Prickett

Augustine

2021

Demography

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Scholars have been increasingly concerned about the rise in “intensive mothering” and its implications for the well-being of children and women and for inequality more broadly. These concerns, however, reflect a key assumption: that socioeconomic disparities in mothers' parenting time observed in earlier eras have continued to grow. Using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) from 2003–2005 and 2015–2017 (n = 13,755), we test this assumption by examining whether maternal education gaps in active time spent with children have persisted across the 2000s. We pay particular attention to the continued socioeconomic bifurcation in women's access to full-time stable work, assessing whether changes in the education-related time gap are due to changes in who works and how much. We find that the gap in active childcare time between mothers with a college degree and those without has closed dramatically. Although some of this narrowing was driven by declines in time among college-educated mothers, most was driven by increases among mothers with less education. These trends, however, are observed only among mothers who were not employed full-time. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analyses further reveal that although most of the increase in active care time among nonworking mothers with less education was attributable to behavioral change, 58% of the decline among nonworking, college-educated mothers was a result of sociodemographic compositional changes. These findings illuminate population-level trends in mothers' active parenting time, provide insights into the driving factors, and help update theories, qualitative findings, and policy considerations related to mothers' and children's well-being.

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Section: Analytic Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Mothers' Parenting Time by Education and Work From 2003 to 2017

Prickett

Augustine

2021

Demography

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“…Fathers allocated most of their foregone labor market hours to leisure activities, rather than unpaid work. 1 The pattern may be differentiated by household income level, as Khitarishvili and Kim (2014) show for a sample of women and men, rather than parents. Among men, only those in households below the federal poverty threshold increased the time they allocated to unpaid work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Use of Parents in the United States: What Difference Did the Great Recession Make?

Kongar

Berik

2014

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection presents research in progress by Levy Institute scholars and conference participants. The purpose of the series is to disseminate ideas to and elicit comments from academics and professionals. Terms of use: Documents inLevy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independently funded research organization devoted to public service. Through scholarship and economic research it generates viable, effective public policy responses to important economic problems that profoundly affect the quality of life in the United States and abroad. We find that the gender disparity in paid and unpaid work hours followed a U-shaped pattern, narrowing during the recession and widening slightly during the jobless recovery. The change in unpaid work disparity was smaller than that in paid work, and was short-lived. Consequently, mothers' total workload increased under the hardships of the Great Recession and declined only slightly during the recovery.

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“…In addition, even lower R 2 values for regression models, ranging from 0.2% to 2.9%, were published by Baxter (2011), Eriksson andOrtega (2011), andMacDonald (2016). Many other research studies on time use published R 2 values of their regression models lower than 10% (Cha, 2021;Gimenez-Nadal, 2010;Khitarishvili & Kim, 2015;Mangiavacchi & Rapallini, 2014;Michelson, 2014;Rebane, 2015). A reason for this could be seen in the fact that people and their responses may not be as predictable and consistent as technical, engineering or computational data.…”

Section: Discussion Of Regression Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified Approach of Valuing Unpaid Household Work in the UK Considering Multitasking and Adjusting for Quality and Productivity.

Schröder¹

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While unpaid work activities contribute significantly to a country’s economy, a large amount of those activities is not included in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but various approaches can be applied to estimate this contribution, and assign a monetary value to them. However, the currently dominating approach used for the valuation of labour (VoL) does have some known weaknesses that lower the accuracy of calculations. The aim of this research is to modify that approach by taking consideration of simultaneous activities, quality and productivity. This is hoped to increase the accuracy of the valuation. Further, gender differences are considered and the impact of selected demographics on quality is investigated. Based on the findings, recommendations to policy makers and practitioners are given to support the development of a harmonised approach. In line with a review of the literature, a quantitative research design was applied for the modifications. The original contribution to knowledge of this study is the implementation of up to three adjustments to the dominating VoL approach. One adjusts the time to account for multitasking, the other two adjust the specialist wage rates for quality and productivity. This is the first time three adjustments were implemented in a single approach. This study relied on secondary data from the UK Time Use Survey and the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, and used an online questionnaire to collect primary data for adjustments, gender effects, and a regression analysis on demographics. The VoL was calculated for various adjustments and the magnitude of the modifications was compared to the dominating approach using a housekeeper and unadjusted specialist wage rates. The regression investigated whether selected demographics affect the quality of unpaid household work. The findings suggest that the commonly applied housekeeper wage rate may not act as a lower boundary for the VoL. The results also showed that wage adjustments on quality and productivity vary by gender and the activity performed. Contrary to previous recommendations, an equal split of multitasking activities (1/n) could not be confirmed, because splits differed up to 9%. Further, estimated adjustments levels were different to the often arbitrary recommendations in literature. This was also the case when all three adjustments were considered together. For the total UK economy, the implementation of adjustments would improve the VoL by up to 5.29% of the UK’s annual GDP, depending on the chosen modification. Unexpected was the finding that women reported a higher productivity level than men. The presence of children, gender, marital status, education and personal level of health were found to be relevant demographics to impact on the quality of unpaid household work. The major implications this study hopes to make are to increase the accuracy of the VoL and support the development of a harmonised approach for the VoL.

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The great recession and unpaid work time in the United States – Does poverty matter?

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Trends in Mothers' Parenting Time by Education and Work From 2003 to 2017

Trends in Mothers' Parenting Time by Education and Work From 2003 to 2017

Time Use of Parents in the United States: What Difference Did the Great Recession Make?

A Modified Approach of Valuing Unpaid Household Work in the UK Considering Multitasking and Adjusting for Quality and Productivity.

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