“…Notably, HBF 4 has been used as an oxidizing promoter catalyst under mild and solvent-free conditions, providing an efficient and practical method for the synthesis of APNs [20]. Other catalysts include [HO 3 S-PhospIL@SBA-15] [21], the CoFe 2 O 4 -TRIS-sulfated boric acid nano catalyst [22], ClO 4 − /Al-MCM-41 nanoparticles [23], SrFe 12 O 19 [24], amberlyst-15 [5], Cu(OAc) 2 [1], nicotinium methane sulfonate (NMS) [17], doped nano-sized copper(I) oxide (Cu 2 O) on melamine-formaldehyde resin [25], [Bmim]BF 4 ionic liquid [26], Bu 4 N + Br − in aqueous medium [27], SnO 2 /SiO 2 nanocomposite [28], ytterbium perfluorooctanoate [Yb(PFO) 3 ] [29], poly N,N-dimethylaniline-formaldehyde supported on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles [30], eggshell-based nano-magnetic solid acid catalyst [31], sulfonic acid-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride composite [32], and trifluoroethanol (TFE) [33]. Despite APNs's intriguing structure and versatile biological activities, no comprehensive structural or photophysical studies have been conducted thus far.…”