The growth and crystallography of bismuth tri-iodide crystals grown by vapor transport

Nason, D.; Keller, L.

doi:10.1016/0022-0248(95)00291-x

Cited by 89 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Single crystal bismuth compounds have previously been grown using this method for application in scintillators, X-ray detectors, and as ferroelectric materials. [46][47][48][49][50][51] Here, we review the techniques that have been used to grow and characterize single crystals of a selection of bismuth-based compounds, before discussing thin film synthesis. The learnings from these materials can be applied to new bismuth-based compounds that researchers may wish to fabricate.…”

Section: Growth Of Bismuth-based Materials For Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

et al. 2018

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Bismuth-based compounds have recently gained interest as solar absorbers with the potential to have low toxicity, be efficient in devices, and be processable using facile methods. We review recent theoretical and experimental investigations into bismuth-based compounds, which shape our understanding of their photovoltaic potential, with particular focus on their defect-tolerance. We also review the processing methods that have been used to control the structural and optoelectronic properties of single crystals and thin films. Additionally, we discuss the key factors limiting their device performance, as well as the future steps needed to ultimately realize these new materials for commercial applications.

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Section: Growth Of Bismuth-based Materials For Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

et al. 2018

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“…Several attempts have been made for developing detectors of these materials, mainly with mercuric iodide [4,5], sometimes with lead iodide [6,7], and only a few with bismuth tri-iodide [8,9]. However, such development has been limited by the quality of the monocrystals obtained until now, and besides, by the lack of a clear correlation between the crystal properties and the final detector performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead iodide crystals, instead, have been traditionally grown from the melt by methods like traveling molten zone (TMZ) [6,7,16], Bridgman and Czochralski [6,[18][19]. Bismuth tri-iodide bulk monocrystals, in turn, have been grown by PVD [8] and also by the vertical Bridgman method [9,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heavy metal iodides are layered compounds, whose crystal lattices are built from three layer packages (I-Hg-I; I-Pb-I; I-Bi-I) with weak van der Waals bonding between adjacent planes of iodine atoms and perpendicular to the c axis [9,20,22]. This special crystal structure determined, at least for mercuric and lead iodides, that not only bulk crystals but also monocrystals with platelet habit, that means, with a clear preferred growth along the (0 0 l) planes were grown from the vapor [23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Counting results reported up to now for detectors made with bismuth tri-iodide monocrystals are not encouraging [9,20,21]. However, better resistivity and response results have been recently reported for bismuth tri-iodide polycrystalline films grown onto glass substrates for digital X-ray application [32,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Growth of bismuth tri‐iodide platelets by the physical vapor deposition method

Cuña

Noguera

Saucedo

et al. 2004

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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The work reports the growth of single BI 3 crystals with platelets habit. Platelets were grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) in a high vacuum atmosphere and with argon, polymer or iodine as additives. Crystals grew in the zone of maximum temperature gradient, perpendicular to the ampoule wall. Crystals grown with argon as additive show a very shining surface, have hexagonal (0 0 l) faces, sizes up to 20 x 10 mm 2 and thicknesses up to 100 µm. They were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dendritic-like structures were found to be their main surface defect. SEM indicates that they grow from the staking of hexagonal unities. Electrical properties of the crystals grown under different growth conditions were determined. Resistivities up to 2 x 10 12 Ωcm (the best reported value for monocrystals of this material) were obtained. X-ray response was measured by irradiation of the platelets with a 241 Am source of 3.5 mR/h. A comparison of results according to the growth conditions was made. Properties of the crystals grown by this method are compared with the ones measured for others previously grown from the melt. Also, results for bismuth tri-iodide platelets are compared with the ones obtained for mercuric and lead iodide platelets.

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Combinatorial Physical Vapor Deposition : A New Methodology for Exploring Eco‐friendly Composition for Halide‐based Resistive Switching Memory

Lee

Kim

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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Due to the excellent charge mobility and tunable composition engineering, halide materials are being considered as new resistive switching (RS) memory materials. However, conventional halide materials‐based RS memory devices primarily comprise lead‐based compounds and solution‐based processes, implying that researching new compositions for eco‐friendly RS memory one‐by‐one synthesis would be extremely time consuming. This study reports the fabrication of an eco‐friendly RS memory composition using a combinatorial physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The fabricated films are classified into three device types: RS memory, write‐only‐read‐many, and insulator device type, based on the mole fraction of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3). The 0.75BiI3–0.25Bi2S3 mixture devices exhibit reliable and stable RS memory characteristics with an electroforming‐free process. Additionally, the study of cohesive, formation, and migration energies via first‐principles simulations demonstrate that the type of device changes because of their inability to develop and migrate their anion vacancies, implying that the amorphous nature of the device cannot retard the movement of iodine vacancies. This study is the first to investigate a new composition of eco‐friendly halide materials‐based RS memory via the combinatorial PVD method. These findings will serve as a powerful tool for investigating new compositions of eco‐friendly RS memory.

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The growth and crystallography of bismuth tri-iodide crystals grown by vapor transport

Cited by 89 publications

References 10 publications

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials

Growth of bismuth tri‐iodide platelets by the physical vapor deposition method

Combinatorial Physical Vapor Deposition : A New Methodology for Exploring Eco‐friendly Composition for Halide‐based Resistive Switching Memory

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