The Growth-factor Requirements of Haemophilus influenzae

Holt, L. B.

doi:10.1099/00221287-27-2-317

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Cysteine might have a protective action against the effect of peroxide in two ways: ( a ) by making the medium anaerobic, in which circumstance peroxide would not be formed; ( b ) by its ready oxidation to cystine by any peroxide that might develop, then decomposing the latter. The appearance of the colonies of pneumococci when grown on the especially enriched blood plate (Holt, 1962) which contains cysteine, is in keeping with this interpretation; the colonies were not umbilicated and the green halo was virtually absent although grown under fully aerobic conditions. These two findings, namely the substitution of sodium carbonate for serum and the protective action of cysteine against autolysis, were adopted to give an excellent cultural technique as follows.…”

Section: The Culture Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae 329supporting

confidence: 60%

“…By this time the bottle containing added peroxide was less opaque than after incubation for 3 hr., indeed less than the control; whereas the culture containing serum + glucose without peroxide had increased considerably in opacity. It had already been noted, when working on the part played by serum, that the addition of solution 4 (Holt, 1962) which contained cysteine, to the medium resulted in good growth (see above). Cysteine might have a protective action against the effect of peroxide in two ways: ( a ) by making the medium anaerobic, in which circumstance peroxide would not be formed; ( b ) by its ready oxidation to cystine by any peroxide that might develop, then decomposing the latter.…”

Section: The Culture Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae 329mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Culture of Streptococcus pneumoniue

Holt

1962

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYIn the fluid culture of Streptococcus pneumoniue in glucose + serum broth the pa.rt played by the serum appeared to be solely the regulation of pH value, and may be substituted by a suitable amount of sodium carbonate. The reason for the autolysis experienced in the fluid culture of pneumococci would appear to be due to hydrogen peroxide production.The addition of cysteine to a glucose + carbonate broth precluded the autolytic effect either by the cysteine giving an anaerobic condition of growth or by destroying HgO,.

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Section: The Culture Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae 329supporting

confidence: 60%

Section: The Culture Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae 329mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Culture of Streptococcus pneumoniue

Holt

1962

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…The superoxide-producing catabolic enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) has been identified as a major source of ROS in IAV infection (37,40). Increased XO activity in IAV infection has been implicated in depleting adenosine and its derivatives, hypoxanthine and xanthine (37), purine precursors that can be used by H. influenzae (52). Because genes of de novo purine intermediate synthesis leading to inosine (purC, purL, purD, purN) were implicated in coinfection, it appears that purine scavenging is insufficient in this context, consistent with IAV induced XO activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide fitness profiling reveals adaptations required by Haemophilus in coinfection with influenza A virus in the murine lung

Wong

Bernui

Shen

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Bacterial coinfection represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in epidemics of influenza A virus (IAV). The bacterium Haemophilus influenzae typically colonizes the human upper respiratory tract without causing disease, and yet in individuals infected with IAV, it can cause debilitating or lethal secondary pneumonia. Studies in murine models have detected immune components involved in susceptibility and pathology, and yet few studies have examined bacterial factors contributing to coinfection. We conducted genome-wide profiling of the H. influenzae genes that promote its fitness in a murine model of coinfection with IAV. Application of direct, high-throughput sequencing of transposon insertion sites revealed fitness phenotypes of a bank of H. influenzae mutants in viral coinfection in comparison with bacterial infection alone. One set of virulence genes was required in nonvirally infected mice but not in coinfection, consistent with a defect in anti-bacterial defenses during coinfection. Nevertheless, a core set of genes required in both in vivo conditions indicated that many bacterial countermeasures against host defenses remain critical for coinfection. The results also revealed a subset of genes required in coinfection but not in bacterial infection alone, including the iron-sulfur cluster regulator gene, iscR, which was required for oxidative stress resistance. Overexpression of the antioxidant protein Dps in the iscR mutant restored oxidative stress resistance and ability to colonize in coinfection. The results identify bacterial stress and metabolic adaptations required in an IAV coinfection model, revealing potential targets for treatment or prevention of secondary bacterial pneumonia after viral infection.transposon-insertion sequencing | functional genomics

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“…Proteose peptone agar was also thiamin deficient. Holt (1961) found that a nutrient agar consisting of Oxoid Nutrient Broth no. 2 with X, V and other growth factors including uracil, hypoxanthine and cysteine, promoted luxuriant growth of Haemophilus species.…”

Section: The Eflect Of the Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect Of The Medium And Source Of Growth Factors On The Satellitism Test For Haemo-Philus Species

Evans

Smith

1972

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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EVEN the earliest reports of Pfeiffer's bacillus stressed its peculiar ability to form large colonies in the vicinity of other bacteria, yeasts and fungi growing on blood agar (Davis, 1921~). This phenomenon of satellitism remains the most important method for the identification of Haemophilus infruenzae. In the test, as first described by Davis (1921b), a peptone blood agar plate, seeded evenly with the strain under examination, was inoculated from a colony of a staphylococcus. By this means the two essential growth factors were made available, the X factor in the blood-later identified as haemin or related porphyrins (Fildes, 192 1)-and the V factor-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD (Lwoff and Lwoff, 1937)-produced by the staphylococcus.Subsequently a similar and closely related organism requiring V but not X factor was described by Rivers (1922) and named H . parainjluenzae. A second plate of nutrient agar containing no added blood was therefore included in the test to allow the distinction to be made between H. injluenzae, requiring both X and V factors and capable of satellitism on the blood agar only, and H. paraintuenzae which does not require blood.It is known that certain variables affect the reliability of the test, particularly as regards the X factor requirement (Smith, Hale and O'Callaghan, 1953;Koser, 1968). For example, strains of H. influenzae may appear on some nutrient media to have no X requirement, an error attributable to traces of. haemin compounds carried over in a heavy inoculum or already present in the medium (Zinnemann, 1960;Biberstein and Gills, 1961 ;Turk and May, 1967). Under these conditions some strains would be Wrongly identified as H. parainguenzae.In addition, we have noted, as did Butler (1962a), that nutritional differences between the two species are not confined to the requirement for X and V factors. We have observed that certain strains of H. parainfruenzae fail to grow on some media that support the growth of H. influenzae. For the recognition of the species, the satellitism test therefore requires that the nutrient agar used be not only free of haemin compounds but should otherwise satisfy the growth requirements of both species. This paper examines the effect of different media and sources of X factor in determining the X and V requirements of freshly isolated and type culture strains of H. infruenzae and H. paraintuenzae.

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The Growth-factor Requirements of Haemophilus influenzae

Cited by 24 publications

References 7 publications

The Culture of Streptococcus pneumoniue

The Culture of Streptococcus pneumoniue

Genome-wide fitness profiling reveals adaptations required by Haemophilus in coinfection with influenza A virus in the murine lung

The Effect Of The Medium And Source Of Growth Factors On The Satellitism Test For Haemo-Philus Species

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