The growth of axons in three-dimensional astrocyte cultures

Fawcett, James W.; Housden, Elizabeth; Smith-Thomas, L.C.; Meyer, Ronald L.

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(89)90193-0

Cited by 163 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…D.F. Chen et al, 1995;Fawcett et al, 1989;Goldberg et al, 2002). There is, however, an ongoing neurogenesis in the adult brain and this neurogenesis is potentiated by injury to the brain (e.g.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Posttraumatic Functional Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Recovery and Rehabilitation After Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Challenges and Support

Mogensen¹

2012

Brain Injury - Functional Aspects, Rehabilitation and Prevention

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Section: Mechanisms Of Posttraumatic Functional Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Recovery and Rehabilitation After Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Challenges and Support

Mogensen¹

2012

Brain Injury - Functional Aspects, Rehabilitation and Prevention

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“…During the remodeling process, reactive ependymal cells proliferate, migrate into the lesion site, and modify the intercellular environment into which regenerating axons grow (Piatt, 1955;Singer et al, 1979). In mammals, the predominant injury-reactive glial population is the astrocyte (Liuzzi and Lasek, 1987;Reier and Houle 1988), which produces a "glial scar" and inhibits regeneration (Reier, 1986;Fawcett et al, 1989). Formation of a "glial scar" does not occur in urodele amphibians, such as the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), and its absence may be linked to the ependymal cell response in these animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reorganization of the ependyma during axolotl spinal cord regeneration: Changes in intermediate filament and fibronectin expression

O'Hara¹,

Egar²,

Chernoff³

1992

Developmental Dynamics

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Changes in intermediate fiiament content and extracellular matrix material showed that the injury response of ependymal cells in lesioned axolotl spinal cord involves an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, and that fibrous astrocytes are excluded from the remodeling lesion site. Antibody localization was used to visualize cytokeratin-, vimentin-, and glial fibrillary acidic protein-(GFAP-) containing intermediate filaments, as well as the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. In normal axolotl spinal cord cytokeratins were found near the apical surface of the ependymal cells. Transmission electron microscopic examination suggested that these cytokeratins were in tonofilaments. Cytokeratin expression was lost and vimentin production was initiated in ependymal cells 23 weeks following spinal cord injury. There was a period of approximately 1-2 weeks when cytokeratins and vimentin were co-expressed in vivo. This co-expression was maintained in vitro by culture on a fibronectin-coated substratum. As the central canal reformed, vimentin expression was lost. Ependymal cells lacked GFAP intermediate filaments, but GFAP was present in fibrous astrocytes of the neuropil and white matter. Following injury, GFAP localization showed that fibrous astrocytes disappeared from the remodeling lesion site and reappeared only after the ependymal epithelium reformed and newly myelinated axons were found. Fibronectin expression closely followed the expression of vimentin during mesenchymal ependymal cell outgrowth. These results suggest that the ependymal cell outgrowth requires changes in cell shape followed by changes in production of extracellular matrix.

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“…As pointed out by Fawcett 32 , the tissue cultures that have been used to study this phenomenon are two-dimensional, and the simple confrontation of axons with myelin in culture does not reflect the complex arrangements in vivo. The main requirement for axon growth in vivo is that a growth cone elongates along a pathway.…”

Section: Myelin As a Facilitatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Myelin inhibitors: does NO mean GO?

Raisman

2004

Nat Rev Neurosci

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The growth of axons in three-dimensional astrocyte cultures

Cited by 163 publications

References 27 publications

Cognitive Recovery and Rehabilitation After Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Challenges and Support

Cognitive Recovery and Rehabilitation After Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Challenges and Support

Reorganization of the ependyma during axolotl spinal cord regeneration: Changes in intermediate filament and fibronectin expression

Myelin inhibitors: does NO mean GO?

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