The Growth of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae and Sugar Beet Callus Tissues in Dual Culture

Ingram, D. S.; Joachim, Irene

doi:10.1099/00221287-69-2-211

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This, coupled to the success already obtained with the culture of some rust fungi and encouraging results obtained with other fungi, e.g. the work of Ingram & Joachim (1971) on culture of Peronospora farinosa, supports the view that it is only a matter of time before fungi now considered as obligate parasites will be grown in axenic culture.…”

Section: )supporting

confidence: 64%

Obligate Parasitism by Phytopathogenic Fungi

Scott

1972

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. This review is concerned with the obligate parasitism of the downy mildew, powdery mildew and rust fungi. 2. Mechanisms which determine resistance and susceptibility are incompletely understood. The three possibilities so far advanced, namely, hypersensitivity, phyto‐alexins and nutrition are all inadequate to explain specificity. It is postulated that compounds carrying specificity are released by the invading pathogens and the interaction of the compounds with specific sites in the host cell determines whether a successful relationship is established. This hypothesis is based on the observation that host and pathogen protoplasts do not come in direct contact with each other and cells removed from the invading pathogen are affected. It should be possible to investigate this question now that some rust fungi have been cultured axenically. 3. Invasion of host tissue by these pathogens leads to alteration in host metabolism. Respiration rates and the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway are enhanced. Possible mechanisms for the reoxidation of NADPH by molecular oxygen are discussed. In the later stages of infection, photosynthetic activity is decreased and this decrease is coupled to the enhanced activity of the pentose phosphate pathway through NADPH availability. It is still not clear whether photosynthetic activity is increased or decreased during the early stages of infection. Nutrients from other parts of the plant accumulate at sites of infection, resulting in retarded growth of the host. Possible roles of hormones in nutrient mobilization and ‘green island’ formation are discussed. Changes in intermediary metabolism can be correlated with changes in amounts of nucleic acids in infected host cells. Chloroplast polysomes and ribosomes decrease during the early stages of infection but cytoplasmic ribosomes increase during patho‐genesis. This increase more than compensates for the decrease in chloroplast ribosomes resulting in an overall increase in cellular RNA. 4. Some members of the Pucciniaceae and one member of the family Melamp‐soraceae have now been cultured axenically. Nutritional studies indicate that these fungi are relatively non‐specific with respect to their carbohydrate and amino‐acid nitrogen sources but do have a specific requirement for either cysteine, methionine or homocysteine. Essential metabolites such as cysteine and cysteine‐containing peptides move from hyphae into the medium and these may be important in amino‐acid transport. Two stages in the development of axenic rust cultures are still imperfectly understood ‐ the transition from germ tube to saprophytic mycelium and the fate of the colonies once formed. Further knowledge of the factors which control these stages may well suggest approaches to the axenic culture of other groups of obligately parasitic fungi.

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Section: )supporting

confidence: 64%

Obligate Parasitism by Phytopathogenic Fungi

Scott

1972

Biological Reviews

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“…Tissue culture has been considered as a useful method to solve practical problems leading to the improvement of sugarbeet as a crop plant [7,15,19]. This approach has been undertaken by several authors with the aim of developing efficient methods for rapid micropropagation of valuable breeding forms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetative multiplication of sugarbeet through in vitro culture of inflorescence pieces

Coumans-Gilles

Kevers

Ceulemans

et al. 1981

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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Abstract. In vitro vegetative multiplication of sugarbeet was obtained by culturing of inflorescence explants. Subapical segments or 5-mm-long tips from nine varieties developed axillary shoots (up to 50 per tip) on a medium containing indolebutyric acid (IBA) and benzylaminopurine (BAP). Zeatin was ineffective as cytokinin. Gibberellic acid (GA 3) enhanced the process. Such vegetative shoots were subsequently isolated and were each allowed to develop up to 20 supplementary axillary shoots on a multiplication medium containing IBA, BAP, and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooting of shoots was obtained in the absence of growth regulators and plants were established.

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“…This resistance response is also observed in several host-parasite pairs, such as Beta vulgaris and Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae (Ingram and Joachim, 1971), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri infecting different organs of Cicer arietinum (Kunwar et al, 1989), and Nicotiana tabacum and Phytophthora parasitica var.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Callogenesis in Cicer arietinum and identification of a genotype resistant to Ascochyta rabiei

2020

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The chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the leguminous species most appreciated by consumers in the Mediterranean basin, while being an important source of protein. Nevertheless, its crop yields are greatly limited by several biotic and abiotic stresses, the main one being Ascochyta rabiei, the causal agent of anthracnose. As traditional breeding methods have proved to be ineffective in controlling this pathogen, resorting to biotechnological methods is necessary. Therefore, in this study, the callogenic capacity of stem and leaflet explants from three genotypes of chickpea, namely ‘FLIP 84-92 C’, ‘ILC 32-97’, and ‘ILC 263’, cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different hormonal balances of auxins (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA] and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D]) and cytokinin (kinetin), was determined. For all the genotypes, high percentages of callogenesis were recorded in the different explants grown on an MS medium with 2 mg of both IAA and kinetin. Then, a patho-system of Cicer arietinum calluses with Ascochyta rabiei was investigated, followed by a histological assessment of this interaction. The presence of the fruiting bodies of the pathogen was revealed in the calluses of the ‘ILC 32-97’ and ‘ILC 263’ genotypes. Notably, the latter showed a high sensitivity to the pathogen, as indicated by an abundance of pycnidia in its tissues. As for the ‘FLIP 84-92 C’ genotype, the histological sections showed a total absence of inter- and intracellular fruiting bodies of the pathogen in the callus tissues. Therefore, this genotype was considered as resistant to Ascochyta rabiei.

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The Growth of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae and Sugar Beet Callus Tissues in Dual Culture

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Obligate Parasitism by Phytopathogenic Fungi

Obligate Parasitism by Phytopathogenic Fungi

Vegetative multiplication of sugarbeet through in vitro culture of inflorescence pieces

Callogenesis in Cicer arietinum and identification of a genotype resistant to Ascochyta rabiei

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