The growth of pigs kept to one level of feeding, in two environments, and fed diets with and without an antibiotic

Lucas, I. A. M.; Calder, A.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600040247

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The overall increase in dressing percentage by the inclusion of antibiotics in the diet is in agreement with other research work (Lucas and Calder, 1955). However, the difference due to antibiotic feeding varies considerably among replicates although the variation in dressing percentage is negligible.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The magnitude of the increase in growth rate seems to be associated with the weight of the pigs when first fed antibiotics, a conclusion also reached by Lucas and Calder (1955). The magnitude of the increase in growth rate seems to be associated with the weight of the pigs when first fed antibiotics, a conclusion also reached by Lucas and Calder (1955).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Ultra-violet irradiation of fattening pigs

et al. 1959

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1. Ninety-six Large White fattening pigs, 8-10 weeks old at the beginning of the trial were used to study the effects of ultra-violet irradiation (22½ hours daily) with and without oxytetracycline supplements of the diet. All meal fed was fortified with vitamin D.2. Under the conditions of this trial ultra-violet irradiation was without effect. Oxytetracycline supplementation resulted in significantly higher live-weight increases, lower age at slaughter and improved feed conversion.3. No significant treatment differences were recorded for any of the carcass measurements.4. Ultra-violet irradiation did not reduce the number of ‘thumping’ pigs nor the degree of lung damage by virus pneumonia, whereas ‘thumping’ was significantly less on the oxytetracycline treatments.5. The results are discussed in relation to vitamin D requirements and the presence of virus pneumonia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Ultra-violet irradiation of fattening pigs

et al. 1959

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“…The diets fed in our experiments all contained procaine penicillin, and in the discussion in a previous paper (Lucas & Calder, 19556) we noted that some reports from overseas indicate that the growth response to dietary antibiotic might be greater when the plane of feeding is high than when it is low, although reports from the United Kingdom do not so far support this. However, we suggested that more evidence is required on this point.…”

mentioning

confidence: 58%

The response of different types of pigs to varying levels of feeding from weaning to bacon weight, with particular reference to carcass quality

Lucas¹,

Calder²

1956

J. Agric. Sci.

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1. A review of the literature indicated: (a) A lack of agreement upon whether or not restriction of the plane of feeding from weaning or 100 lb. live weight to bacon weight improves efficiency of food conversion. (b) That a severe restriction of the plane of feeding improves carcass-quality measurements, (c) That a less severe restriction of food intake brings the total growth period within a range more acceptable to the farmer, but only has a small effect in improving carcass quality, (d) That the small benefits to quality from this less severe restriction may be equalled or surpassed by quite small changes in the genetic ‘type’ of pig fed. (e) That there are probably interactions in the response of different ‘types’ of pig to different planes of feeding.2. Two experiments were undertaken. In Exp. 1 both Large White × Swedish Landrace pigs and Large White × Wessex Saddleback pigs were fed from weaning to bacon weight to one of three planes of feeding. Exp. 2 was very similar in design except for some modifications to planes of feeding and the substitution of Essex Saddleback × Large White pigs in place of the Wessex crosses.3. In Exp. 1 the planes of feeding, according to our stated definitions in terms of total digestible nutrients consumed daily at different live weights, were: very high during both growing and finishing periods (VH-VH); very high during the growing period but restricted during the finishing period (VH-R); and very low during both growing and finishing periods (VL-VL). In Exp. 2 the planes of feeding were: VH-VH; VH-R, the restriction being slightly more severe than in Exp. 1; and low during both growing and finishing periods (L-L).4. In Exp. 1 there was no difference in growth rate between breed crosses. Pigs on the VH-R and VL-VL planes were 12 and 88 days older respectively at bacon weight than those fed to the VH-VH plane. In Exp. 2, Landrace crosses grew faster than the Essex crosses on the VH-VH and VH-R planes, but Essex crosses grew faster on the L-L plane. Landrace crosses fed to the VH-R and L-L planes were 11 and 63 days older respectively at bacon weight than others fed to the VH-VH plane. Essex crosses fed to the VH-R and L-L planes were 16 and 53 days older respectively at bacon weight than others fed to the VH-VH plane.5. In Exp. 1 there was no difference in food-conversion efficiency (f.c.e.) between breed crosses. There was no significant difference in f.c.e. between the VH-VH and VH-R planes, but there was a loss of 14% in F.C.E. on the VL-VL plane. In Exp. 2 the Landrace crosses had better F.C.E.'s than the Essex crosses on the VH-VH and VH-R planes, but Essex crosses were the more efficient on the L-L plane. There was no significant difference in F.C.E. between the VH-VH and VH-R planes for either breed cross, but there were losses in efficiency of 4 and 14% on the L-L plane for the Essex and Landrace crosses respectively.6. In Exp. 1 the Landrace crosses had less back fat over the shoulder than had the Wessex crosses. Pigs of both crosses fed to the VH-R plane had smaller fat measurements than those fed to the VH-VH plane, but this improvement was only significant for minimum back fat. Landrace crosses also had less fat over the ‘eye’ muscle when fed to the VH-R plane, but this did not apply with the Wessex crosses. The difference in carcass quality attributable to the restricted plane of feeding after 100 lb. live weight was considered to be equalled by the difference between breed crosses. The improvement in carcass-quality measurements between pigs fed to the VH-VH and VL-VL planes surpassed the difference between breed crosses, but the carcasses tended to be soft. However, no data were available on the iodine numbers of the fats.7. In Exp. 2 the Landrace crosses had less fat over the shoulder and over the eye muscle and smaller minimum back-fat measurements than had the Essex crosses. Pigs of both crosses fed to the VH-R plane had smaller fat measurements than those fed to the VH-VH plane, the difference being significant for shoulder fat and minimum back fat. Again the differences between the effects of these two planes of feeding and between the two breed crosses were considered about equal, and again the difference between breed crosses was surpassed by the difference between the carcass measurements of pigs fed to the VH-VH and L-L planes. In Exp. 2 the effects of planes of feeding upon length of carcass, thickness of streak, percentage fore and percentage middle differed significantly between the two breed crosses.8. When carcass data from both experiments were compared it was apparent that differences between breeds or strains of bacon-type pigs are likely to be of more importance in the production of high-grade bacon than attempts to alter the conformation by varying the plane of feeding—and thus the growth curve—within the limits acceptable in practice.9. Although previous evidence indicates that males grow faster than females, there was in Exp. 1 no significant difference in growth rate between the sexes. In Exp. 2 there was again no overall significant sex effect, but during the finishing period females grew faster than males on the VH-VH and VH-R planes, but males grew the faster on the L-L plane. In Exp. 1 there was no significant difference between sexes in F.C.E., but in Exp. 2 males were less efficient than females on the VH-VH and VH-R planes, but were the more efficient on the L-L plane, this interaction again developing principally during the finishing period.10. In both experiments females had carcasses which were longer, had less fat, larger areas of ‘eye’ muscle and larger hams than males. In both experiments the restricted plane of feeding after 100 lb. live weight reduced the shoulder-fat measurements of females but had no effect on those of males which, being the fatter, had the greatest need of improvement to achieve the highest grade. However, the statistical significance of this interaction was low and it requires confirmation.11. It is not the intention of the authors that these results should be taken to apply in general to the breed crosses used. The breed crosses were chosen solely as pigs which would differ somewhat in genetic type from each other.12. The results from these experiments confirmed the indications from the literature which have been noted in paragraph 1 of this summary. The results and some of their implications have been discussed in the text.

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“…1 and 2 supplements of procaine penicillin did not improve growth performance as much as supplements of copper sulphate. The effects of adding antibiotic to diets have varied considerably, and we have discussed some of the causes of this variation in a previous paper (Lucas & Calder, 19556). However, Exps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics and a high level of copper sulphate in rations for growing bacon pigs

Lucas¹,

Calder²

1957

J. Agric. Sci.

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In 1945 Braude described how pigs chewed copper rings which were a part of the structure of their piggery. To test whether this apparent craving for copper reflected a dietary deficiency, 8-and 14-week-old pigs were fed a basal diet containing about 5 p.p.m. of copper, and some were given a daily supplement of 50 mg. copper in the form of a copper sulphate solution, poured on to their rations. During the first 8 weeks of one experiment, the addition of copper improved both rate of growth and efficiency of food conversion by about 8 %, but data from the second experiment in no way confirmed this. Braude (1948) later reported that weaned pigs given a choice of mineral licks greatly preferred those containing copper and, in another small trial, two pigs ate greater amounts of a meal mixture if it contained copper added at the rate of 120 g./lOO lb. Mitchell (1953) also found that young pigs, if given a choice, preferred a creep-fed meal supplemented with about 0-05 % CuSo 4 . 5H 2 O to one with no copper added. In another experiment, when there was no choice of meals, litters offered the copper-supplemented meal in the creep ate no more and grew no faster than those offered the unsupplemented meal (Barber, Braude & Mitchell, 1955a).In these tests copper and copper salts were certainly most palatable to pigs, and, in more recent experiments, high levels of copper sulphate when added to diets fed after weaning have caused improvements in both the rate and efficiency of liveweight gain.Barber, Braude, Mitchell and Cassidy (1955) added a 'mineral mixture XF' to a diet, and over 18 weeks the weaned pigs receiving it consumed more food and grew 6% faster than the controls. These effects were most marked during the first 8 weeks of the experiment, when pigs fed the supplemented diets also had better food conversion efficiencies. The most notable feature of the' mineral mixture XF' was that it contained 4% copper sulphate, which thereby supplied 0-1 % of the diet when this mineral mixture was added to it. The differences observed in this experiment were not statistically significant but in a subsequent co -ordinated experiment, involving 182 pigs at eight centres, those animals fed diets supplemented with 'XF minerals' grew significantly faster by 6 % than the controls, and had slightly-but not significantlybetter food conversion efficiencies (Bowler, Braude,

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The growth of pigs kept to one level of feeding, in two environments, and fed diets with and without an antibiotic

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Ultra-violet irradiation of fattening pigs

Ultra-violet irradiation of fattening pigs

The response of different types of pigs to varying levels of feeding from weaning to bacon weight, with particular reference to carcass quality

Antibiotics and a high level of copper sulphate in rations for growing bacon pigs

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