The growth ring concept: seeking a broader and unambiguous approach covering tropical species

Abstract

The concept of growth rings is little discussed in the literature and their treatment remains somewhat confusing in terms of the diversity of structures described. This situation has a major impact on the study of growth rings in tropical species, in which variations and complexity are greater and accuracy of identification less good. The rigid conceptual delimitations used by dendrochronologists and wood anatomists of temperate regions cannot be applied to the study of growth rings in most tropical species, which has led to neglect of this subject. With the objective of discussing the concept of growth rings, the present study consists of a survey of anatomical, periodicity, causal and evolutionary aspects of the treatment of these structures as evidenced in previous studies, and the evaluation of their application and limitations to the development of this concept. Anatomical aspects arise through radial integrity, or the presence of early and late wood; the degree of distinction of the rings, which may vary from well to poorly defined; and tangential continuity, meaning that rings may form a complete circle in the transverse section of the trunk, or instead be tangentially discontinuous, lens-shaped or in wedges. In addition there are a diversity of anatomical markers which enable us to recognize growth rings. Regarding periodicity, the rings may be annual, infra-annual or supra-annual. Causal aspects include genetic, endogenous and environmental components. Evolutionary aspects continue to be insufficiently investigated, and although most comparative studies treat growth rings recognized by different markers as though they were a single character, it remains questionable whether they can be regarded as homologous or the result of homoplasy. We conclude that the elaboration of a robust but broad definition which can include all the variation observed in growth rings of tropical species is a complex task, which is only possible by overcoming the restrictions adopted by dendrochronologists and wood anatomists of temperate regions for whom growth rings are essentially annual, strongly demarcated, tangentially continuous and restricted to the most pronounced markers.

Statistical age determination of tree rings

“…The uncertainty-intolerant approach would force one to discard many samples in which some ring boundaries are well marked, while others are doubtful. In tropical lowland forests with less pronounced annual climate seasonality, there is strong variation in recognizability, as well as variability in the timing of formation of boundaries [9], and crossdating may become impossible. Even in temperate zones, sampling focused on ecological questions in closed-canopy forests will lead to many increment cores that must be discarded under traditional standards for crossdating.…”

“…Secondly, an increment core may include some clearly identifiable ring boundaries, as well as other ring boundaries that are not clearly distinguishable, a situation that is frequent in the lowland tropics with less pronounced dry periods [8,9]. In addition, there can be false and missing boundaries.…”

Late Paleocene woods from Cherokee Ranch, Colorado, U.S.A.

“…There is debate over how to recognize growth rings or growth interruptions in tropical trees (e.g., Silva et al, 2019); however, there is consensus that the lack of welldefined growth ring boundaries, as occurs in all but one of the Cherokee Ranch woods, indicates lack of pronounced seasonality in water availability or temperature (e.g., Poole and van Bergen, 2006). For the Cherokee Ranch woods, the features traditionally used for inferring paleoclimate com-plement the leaf physiognomic analyses of Denver Basin Paleocene leaf assemblages (Johnson et al, 2003).…”

A phylogenetic and functional perspective on the origin and evolutionary shifts of growth ring anatomical markers in seed plants

“…Different lists of anatomical markers related to the secondary xylem can be found in the literature, although they may overlap (e.g. Coster, 1927Coster, , 1928Dechamps, 1973;Fahn et al, 1981;IAWA Committee, 1989;Carlquist, 2001a;Worbes & Fichtler, 2010;Nath et al, 2016;Silva, Funch & Silva, 2019). A growth ring can be defined as a tangential portion of the secondary xylem tissue, in which one or more cell components show modifications along the dimension of radial growth, i.e.…”

“…A growth ring can be defined as a tangential portion of the secondary xylem tissue, in which one or more cell components show modifications along the dimension of radial growth, i.e. arising from the contrast between early-and latewood (Silva et al, 2019).…”