The GW190521 Mass Gap Event and the Primordial Black Hole Scenario

De Luca, V.; Desjacques, V.; Franciolini, G.; Pani, P.; Riotto, A.

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.01728

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Several alternative explanations for the occurrence of GW190521 have also been put forward, ranging from critically assessing uncertainties in the lower edge of the mass gap, 47,53,228,229 Population III stars at very low-metallicity, 53,54,230 accretion onto either stellar-origin 58,59,213 or primordial 231,232 BHs, and stellar mergers. 37,55,56 Additional speculations include invoking beyond-standard-model physics 233,234 exotic compact objects, 235,236 and dark-matter annihilation.…”

Section: Gw190521mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures

Gerosa,

Fishbach

2021

Preprint

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We review theoretical findings, astrophysical modeling, and current gravitational-wave evidence of hierarchical stellar-mass black-hole mergers. While most of the compact binary mergers detected by LIGO and Virgo are expected to consist of firstgeneration black holes formed from the collapse of stars, others might instead be of second (or higher) generation, containing the remnants of previous black-hole mergers. Such a subpopulation of hierarchically assembled black holes presents distinctive gravitational-wave signatures, namely higher masses, possibly within the pair-instability mass gap, and dimensionless spins clustered at the characteristic value of ∼ 0.7. In order to produce hierarchical mergers, astrophysical environments need to overcome the relativistic recoils imparted to black-hole merger remnants, a condition which prefers hosts with escape speeds 100 km/s. Promising locations for efficient production of hierarchical mergers include nuclear star clusters and accretion disks surrounding active galactic nuclei, though environments that are less efficient at retaining merger products such as globular clusters may still contribute significantly to the detectable population of repeated mergers. While GW190521 is the single most promising hierarchical-merger candidate to date, constraints coming from large population analyses are becoming increasingly more powerful.

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Section: Gw190521mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures

Gerosa,

Fishbach

2021

Preprint

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“…This has naturally promoted proposals in which BHs in GW190521 are not products of standard stellar evolution. These proposals include dynamical formation scenarios of repeated BH mergers in dense clusters (Rizzuto et al 2020;Fragione et al 2020;Gayathri et al 2020), repeated stellar mergers in dense clusters (Kremer et al 2020), primordial black holes (De Luca et al 2020). Some more exotic scenarios are also being put forward such as head-on collisions of boson stars (Calderón Bustillo et al 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Ordinary Formation of the Most Unusual Double Black Hole Merger

Belczyński

2020

ApJL

110

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LIGO/Virgo Collaboration reported the detection of the most massive black hole -black hole (BH-BH) merger up to date with component masses of 85 M and 66 M (GW190521). Motivated by recent observations of massive stars in the 30 Doradus cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud (M 200 M ; e.g. R136a) and employing newly estimated uncertainties on pulsational pair-instability mass-loss (that allow for possibility of forming BHs with mass up to M BH ∼ 90 M ) we show that it is trivial to form such massive BH-BH mergers through the classical isolated binary evolution (with no assistance from either dynamical interactions or exotica). A binary consisting of two massive (180 M + 150 M ) Population II stars (metallicity: Z ≈ 0.0001) evolves through a stable Roche lobe overflow and common envelope episode. Both exposed stellar cores undergo direct core-collapse and form massive BHs while avoiding pair-instability pulsation mass-loss or total disruption. LIGO/Virgo observations show that the merger rate density of light BH-BH mergers (both components: M BH < 50 M ) is of the order of 10 − 100 Gpc −3 yr −1 , while GW190521 indicates that the rate of heavier mergers is 0.02 − 0.43 Gpc −3 yr −1 . Our model (with standard assumptions about input physics) but extended to include 200 M stars and allowing for the possibility of stellar cores collapsing to 90 M BHs produces the following rates: 63 Gpc −3 yr −1 for light BH-BH mergers and 0.04 Gpc −3 yr −1 for heavy BH-BH mergers. We do not claim that GW190521 was formed by an isolated binary, but it appears that such a possibility can not be excluded.

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“…We should note that there are many proposals and discussions to explain BHs within the PISN mass gap and their dynamics immediately after the announcement of GW190521 (Carr et al 2019;Calderón Bustillo et al 2020a;Sakstein et al 2020;De Luca et al 2020;Vovchenko et al 2020;Wang et al 2020;Moffat 2020;Romero-Shaw et al 2020;Fragione et al 2020a;Calderón Bustillo et al 2020b;Gayathri et al 2020;Fishbach & Holz 2020;Farrell et al 2020), including modified gravity, primordial BHs, orbital eccentricity, numerical relativity simulations, repeated mergers in a dense star cluster, BH masses from Pop III stars and so on.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Binary Black Holes Similar to GW190521 with a Total Mass of $\sim 150\,M_{\odot}$ from Population III Binary Star Evolution

Kinugawa,

Nakamura,

Nakano

2020

Preprint

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In case of zero metal (population III) stars, we show that total mass of binary black holes from binary population III star evolution can be ∼ 150 M , which agrees with mass of a binary black hole, GW190521 recently discovered by LIGO/Virgo. The event rate of such binary black hole mergers is estimated as 0.13-0.66 yr −1 Gpc −3 , which is consistent with the observed value of 0.02-0.43 yr −1 Gpc −3 .

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The GW190521 Mass Gap Event and the Primordial Black Hole Scenario

Cited by 20 publications

References 72 publications

Hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures

Hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures

The Most Ordinary Formation of the Most Unusual Double Black Hole Merger

Formation of Binary Black Holes Similar to GW190521 with a Total Mass of $\sim 150\,M_{\odot}$ from Population III Binary Star Evolution

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