The Hajj: a constant travel destination amidst changing times

Parker, Salim

doi:10.1080/10158782.2010.11441371

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering on Earth and attracts more than 2 million pilgrims annually [ 20 ]. Hajj pilgrims are geographically diverse, representing > 180 different countries, with many elderly participants who commonly have underlying medical conditions that would predispose them to IMD [ 20 – 22 ]. During the 1987 Hajj, an outbreak of serogroup A resulted in an incidence rate of 640 cases per 100,000 pilgrims.…”

Section: Global Epidemiology Of Invasive Meningococcal Disease In Tramentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Meningococcal Disease and Vaccination Recommendations for Travelers

et al. 2018

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International travel has been steadily increasing since the middle of the twentieth century, including travel to regions with high levels of endemic meningococcal disease and areas with sporadic or sustained meningococcal outbreaks. Although invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is relatively rare in travelers since the advent of quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines, it remains a serious concern because of its rapid progression, poor prognosis and outcomes, associated treatment delays, and the potential to precipitate outbreaks. Moreover, fatality occurs in up to 22% of those infected. This review will focus on IMD in travelers, with an emphasis on IMD epidemiology and the geographic regions of potential concern for international travelers. As vaccination is the best approach for preventing IMD among travelers, currently available meningococcal vaccines and corresponding country-specific national meningococcal vaccination recommendations, where available, will be summarized by age and type of vaccine recommended. The use of the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines, specifically the tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (including MenACWY-TT; Nimenrix®), as a protective measure against IMD in travelers will be emphasized.FundingPfizer Inc.

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Section: Global Epidemiology Of Invasive Meningococcal Disease In Tramentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Meningococcal Disease and Vaccination Recommendations for Travelers

et al. 2018

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“…The Hajj is an annual 5-day pilgrimage to Makkah, Saudi Arabia, undertaken by all Muslims who are physically able and have the financial means to do so [11, 12]. Although the Hajj lasts only 5 days, most pilgrims remain in Saudi Arabia for several weeks [3]. Umrah is similar to the Hajj in that it is a pilgrimage to Makkah, but travel can be completed at any time of year, and the length of the pilgrimage is shorter [11].…”

Section: Invasive Meningococcal Disease During Mass Gathering Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the world’s largest annual religious mass gatherings, with about 2–3 million pilgrims from more than 184 countries participating each year [3, 11]. The Hajj brings together a geographically diverse population in close proximity, creating ideal conditions for transmission of communicable respiratory tract infections [11].…”

Section: Invasive Meningococcal Disease During Mass Gathering Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among numerous communicable diseases associated with mass gathering events, respiratory tract infections have been designated by the World Health Organization as a public health concern [1]. Within this group, invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) has been highlighted as a specific and critical public health issue, given the emergence of outbreaks linked to mass gathering events such as the Hajj and Umrah [3, 4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence and Prevention of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Global Mass Gathering Events

Muttalif

Haridy²,

Gamil³

et al. 2019

Infect Dis Ther

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IntroductionMass gathering events involve close contact among large numbers of people in a specific location at the same time, an environment conducive to transmission of respiratory tract illnesses including invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). This report describes IMD incidence at mass gatherings over the past 10 years and discusses strategies to prevent IMD at such events.MethodsA PubMed search was conducted in December 2018 using a search string intended to identify articles describing IMD at mass gatherings, including religious pilgrimages, sports events, jamborees, and refugee camps. The search was limited to articles in English published from 2008 to 2018. Articles were included if they described IMD incidence at a mass gathering event.ResultsA total of 127 articles were retrieved, of which 7 reported on IMD incidence at mass gatherings in the past 10 years. Specifically, in Saudi Arabia between 2002 and 2011, IMD occurred in 16 Hajj pilgrims and 1 Umrah pilgrim; serotypes involved were not reported. At a youth sports festival in Spain in 2008, 1 case of serogroup B IMD was reported among 1500 attendees. At the 2015 World Scout Jamboree in Japan, an outbreak of serogroup W IMD was identified in five scouts and one parent. At a refugee camp in Turkey, one case of serogroup B IMD was reported in a Syrian girl; four cases of serogroup X IMD occurred in an Italian refugee camp among refugees from Africa and Bangladesh. In 2017, a funeral in Liberia resulted in 13 identified cases of serogroup C IMD. Requiring meningococcal vaccination for mass gathering attendees and vaccinating refugees might have prevented these IMD cases.ConclusionsMass gathering events increase IMD risk among attendees and their close contacts. Vaccines preventing IMD caused by serogroups ACWY and B are available and should be recommended for mass gathering attendees.FundingPfizer.

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“…As far as their incidence during Hajj is concerned, very little information has been documented. It has been noted in one South African study that 55 of 403 (13.6%) 5 female consultations were due to MCP. This study aims to determine the incidence of MCP amongst South African female Hajj pilgrims comparing its incidence amongst those who attempted HMM with those who did not attempt HMM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual abnormalities amongst female South African Hajj pilgrims: a cross-sectional study

Parker¹,

Omar

Mahomed

2017

South African Family Practice

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Hajj (pilgrimage), the fifth pillar of Islam, is obligatory for every Muslim, male or female, provided that he/she is physically and financially able to do so, at least once in his/her lifetime. One of the rituals of Hajj requires the absence of menstruation. In the current modern era, many females utilise oral contraception to manipulate their menstrual cycle so that the pilgrim can be menses free during the main rituals of Hajj. However, many such females are at risk of breakthrough bleeding. Very little information has been documented concerning the incidence of menstrual cycle abnormalities amongst female Hajj pilgrims in general and South African pilgrims in particular. This study aims to determine the incidence of menstrual cycle abnormalities amongst South African female Hajj pilgrims and the potential factors that predispose to them. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst South African female pilgrims during the five-day Hajj period. South Africa is usually limited to 5 000 pilgrims annually with a 50:50 gender split. For most of the five days of Hajj, pilgrims, separated by gender, are housed in special tents. Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed amongst the ladies' tents in Mina on the last day of Hajj by nursing sisters attached to the South African medical mission. A total of 470 South African female pilgrims participated in the study with 147 excluded as they were either postmenopausal or had had hysterectomies, resulting in a sample size of 323. Results: Of the 318 participants who responded to the question about hormonal menstrual manipulation (HMM), 195 (61%) attempted this and 123 (39%) did not. Of the 308 participants who responded to the question concerning menstrual cycle problems (MCP), 54 (18%) had problems and 254 (82%) did not. Of the 189 participants who attempted HMM and answered the question on MCP, 44/189 (23%) had MCP, whilst 10/108 (9%) of those who did not attempt HMM had MCP. The OR for MCP was 2.97 (CI 1.46-6.04) if HMM was attempted compared with no HMM attempt. Conclusion: Menstrual irregularities occurred more frequently in those who attempt hormonal menstrual manipulation compared with those who do not. Health education on this issue should be integrated into the pre-Hajj classes.

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The Hajj: a constant travel destination amidst changing times

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

A Review of Meningococcal Disease and Vaccination Recommendations for Travelers

A Review of Meningococcal Disease and Vaccination Recommendations for Travelers

Incidence and Prevention of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Global Mass Gathering Events

Menstrual abnormalities amongst female South African Hajj pilgrims: a cross-sectional study

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