The Hajj and Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Saudi Arabia

Amiri, Reza Ekhtiari; Samsu, Ku Hasnita Binti Ku; Fereidouni, Hassan Gholipour

doi:10.1177/0021909611417546

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Iran terkait haji juga ditunjukkan oleh narasi yang disampaikan oleh Pemimpin Spritual (Wali Faqih) Iran, Ayatullah Ali Khamenei. Ketika Ayatullah Ali Khamenei menemui delegasi Iran untuk pembahasan haji dengan Arab Saudi, ia menyerukan bahwa tujuan dari ibadah haji adalah untuk menyatukan umat Islam dalam menghadapi berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi di negara-negara Islam (Fereidouni et al, 2011). Dari pernyataan tersebut, menunjukkan bahwa Iran menyerukan solidaritas untuk seluruh umat Islam, tidak dibatasi oleh mazhab.…”

Section: A Faktor Kepentingan Ekonomiunclassified

“…Riset mengenai kebijakan luar negeri Iran terhadap Arab Saudi telah banyak dilakukan oleh para penstudi Hubungan Internasional, seperti Park & Ward, 1979;Amiri, 2010;Amiri et al, 2011;Jiraroj Mamadkul, 2017;Rezaei, 2018. Berbeda dengan studistudi terdahulu yang lebih membahas mengenai kebijakan luar negeri Iran terhadap Arab Saudi dalam persoalan haji, energi, dan dinamika hubungan kedua negara tersebut, dalam riset ini, artikel ini lebih berfokus pada faktor-faktor domestik yang memengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri Iran terhadap Arab Saudi, khususnya setelah Arab Saudi mengeksekusi mati Syekh Nimr Al Nimr.…”

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Faktor Domestik Yang Memengaruhi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Iran Terhadap Arab Saudi Pascaeksekusi Mati Nimr Al-Nimr

Bajri¹,

Akim²

2021

Jurnal ICMES

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Artikel ini menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri Iran terhadap Arab Saudi pascaeksekusi mati Nimr al-Nimr pada tahun 2016. Nimr al-Nimr adalah ulama Syiah yang dihormati di Timur Tengah. Iran sebagai negara dengan populasi penganut mazhab Syiah terbesar di dunia bereaksi keras atas tindakan Arab Saudi tersebut sehingga hubungan kedua negara memburuk, bahkan berujung pada pemutusan hubungan diplomatik. Pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan adalah faktor-faktor domestik apakah yang memengaruhi kebijakan tersebut? Dalam riset ini, periset menggunakan metode riset kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara pada sejumlah pakar Timur Tengah dan menelaah literatur, dokumen, dan media massa. Dalam menganalisis, periset menggunakan teori dari Mintz dan DeRouen mengenai tiga faktor domestik yang memengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara, yakni kepentingan ekonomi, peran opini publik, dan siklus elektoral. Hasil riset ini adalah kebijakan luar negeri yang diambil Iran pascaeksekusi mati Nimr Al Nimr sangat terkait dengan kepentingan ekonomi, terutama terkait pelaksanaan ibadah haji; sejalan dengan opini masyarakat Iran yang sangat menghormati Nimr Al Nimr; dan pertimbangan siklus elektoral, dimana kebijakan yang diambil Rouhani berpengaruh pada kemenangannya dalam pemilu tahun 2017.

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Section: A Faktor Kepentingan Ekonomiunclassified

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Faktor Domestik Yang Memengaruhi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Iran Terhadap Arab Saudi Pascaeksekusi Mati Nimr Al-Nimr

Bajri¹,

Akim²

2021

Jurnal ICMES

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“…e impact of the Iranian Islamic regime's foreign policy on ḥajj, particularly regarding bilateral relations between the Iranian and Saudi Governments, were discussed. e study examined these governmental relations from the establishment of the Iranian Islamic regime in 1979 to 2010 (Amiri, Samsu, and Fereidouni 2011).…”

Section: Cross-cultural Issues During ḥAjjmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-cultural Differences Experienced during Hajj: A Case Study of Acehnese Hajj

Bustamam-Ahmad

Zakaria

2018

Stud. Islam.

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e cross-cultural differences experienced by pilgrims during the world's largest religious ritual, ḥajj, have yet to be explored. It is worthwhile to investigate this issue from an Indonesian perspective. is study uses a phenomenological approach to examine cross-cultural differences experienced by Acehnese pilgrims during ḥajj. e perceptions of Acehnese who have never been to Mecca ('villagers') and Acehnese who stayed in Saudi Arabia and its neighbouring countries ('stayers') were also probed. e ndings show that the pilgrims experienced cross-cultural differences in verbal communication, body movement, physical appearance and dress, the use of space, time, touch, voice, and smell. Cross-culturally, the pilgrims have a different perspective to villagers and stayers. e pilgrims expressed culture shock, while the villagers' perceptions were primarily shaped by imagined and unveri ed stories, and the stayers understood their pilgrimage through their long experiences of residing in Arab countries.

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“…Although it can be argued that the Hajj today is easier than ever due to the advent of modern technologies, new modes of transportation, and the rise of a middle class that has placed the Hajj -and ʿumra -within reach of increasing numbers of Muslim pilgrims (Mols and Buitelaar 2015), there have been heated debates concerning the management of the pilgrimage, the problems involved in the Hajj registration process, and the Saudi control over this religious duty (cf. Fisk 2016;Bianchi 2016Bianchi , 2015Bianchi , 2004Egan 2012;Amiri et al 2011;Roy 2010). Therefore, Morocco can inform us about the ways in which the political and cultural spheres can influence, and are in turn influenced by, the pilgrimage to Mecca.…”

Section: Why Morocco?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saudi rulers seemed to agree to this proposal in light of the challenges posed by the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Iran pilgrimage boycott in the late 1980s (Bianchi 2004). 178 However, when Iran ended its pilgrimage boycott in 1991, the Saudis backtracked on pledges to foster an international regime for Hajj management (Amiri et al 2011). Instead, they embarked on a rapid expansion of the pilgrimage sites and a 178 Iran boycotted the Hajj for three years, from 1988 to 1990 following cuts of diplomatic relations after the 1987 Mecca incident when a demonstration by Iranian pilgrims resulted on stampede after Saudi security opened fire on protesters (cf.…”

Section: Contestations Of the Sacred In Saudi Arabiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mecca in Morocco: Articulations of the Muslim pilgrimage (Hajj) in Moroccan everyday life

Al-Ajarma¹

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I would like to acknowledge the team of the research project 'More Magical than Disneyland: Modern Articulations of Pilgrimage to Mecca,' -in addition to Prof. Marjo Buitelaar -Dr. Richard van Leeuwen, Dr. Khadija Kadrouch-Outmany and Dr. Ammeke Kateman. I value my inclusion in this distinguished academic group.In the academic field, I am also grateful to the support of the Dutch Institute for Higher Education in Scientific Research (NIMAR) for their help in facilitating my research permit and for being inspirational in their work in education. My thanks go to Prof. Léon Buskens, whom I was able to meet during my first visit to Morocco during the Spring School of Netherlands Interuniversity School for Islamic Studies (NISIS) in Rabat, for his support. My early meetings with expert researchers, specializing in matters Moroccan, gave me insights and inspiration; my thanks go to Dr. John Shoup, Dr. Aziz Hlaoua, and Dr. Zakaria Rhani among others.I am also extremely grateful to the Netherlands Interuniversity School for Islamic Studies (NISIS) and its members from whom I gained much insight and inspiration regarding the study of Islam, especially during the many events organized by NISIS, including summer schools, seminars, and conferences.During my PhD studies, I was also privileged to spend six months at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies (OCIS) as a Chevening fellow. I am most grateful for the academic insights and stimulating environment that allowed me to further develop my work on this thesis. I have so many positive memories of this time: Director of OCIS, Dr. Farhan Nizami, welcoming me to this community by telling me "Once a member of OCIS, means always a member of OCIS;" my brief, but memorable, time with the other Chevening fellows, (Dr. Saira Orakzai, Dr. Mohammed Hashas and Dr. Karim Hegazy); and all scholars, researchers, and staff members -to all I express my appreciation.Of course, without my Moroccan friends and interlocutors, who not only offered me their hospitality but also patience and understanding, my fieldwork and research would simply have not been possible. I am especially grateful for the love and support of my dear friends, Sarah, Soufia, Fatima, and Nour, and for their parents, for their generosity, Acknowledgements ix friendship, unconditional help and their sharing of their intimate knowledge of Morocco. My most profound thanks must go to those individuals who were willing and eager to participate in this research, welcoming me into their homes, spending time sharing their lives, spiritual experiences, political opinions, personal struggles, food, music and their laughter with me. To guarantee their anonymity and privacy I have used pseudonyms, which unfortunately prevents me from being able to thank them by name. Nonetheless, my deep gratitude goes out to each one of my interlocutors and I hope that this work will live up to the expectations and trust that these individuals have placed in it. Without the people I have mentioned or alluded to, my time in Fes, Rabat, Mohammedia, Casab...

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The Hajj and Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Saudi Arabia

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Faktor Domestik Yang Memengaruhi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Iran Terhadap Arab Saudi Pascaeksekusi Mati Nimr Al-Nimr

Faktor Domestik Yang Memengaruhi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Iran Terhadap Arab Saudi Pascaeksekusi Mati Nimr Al-Nimr

Cross-cultural Differences Experienced during Hajj: A Case Study of Acehnese Hajj

Mecca in Morocco: Articulations of the Muslim pilgrimage (Hajj) in Moroccan everyday life

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