The Half-Hearted Transformation of the Hungarian Military

Flowering phenological changes in relation to climate change in Hungary

“…The number of stations decreased to ∼60 with an increasingly uneven geographical coverage during 1961-1981 (Table 1). After a 1-year disruption in 1982, the network was reorganized with a drastically reduced list of observed species and phenological events (shifting from wild plant species to crops), and a reduced number of stations with a more even coverage (Dunay 1984;Szalai et al 2008). This reorganized network, which was hosted by the regional Pest Control and Agrochemistry stations of the Agriculture and Food Ministry, operated in consistent and reliable way from 1983 until 2000, when the entire network fall apart due to lack of funding.…”

“…The datasets used in our study are marked in bold BF beginning of flowering, FL appearance of first leaves, BR beginning of ripening, LF leaf falling (Dunay 1984;Szalai et al 2008). During 1952-1961, the observation network of the Meteorological Service consisted of ∼100 stations performing phenological observations on ∼100 phenological events of 37 plant species.…”

“…As a consequence of these recurrent reorganizations phenological time series long enough for climate impact analysis can only be studied for a few phenological events, which were observed both prior to and after 1982, and even for these events the number of complete time series is very limited (Table 1). Luckily, the definition of phenological events did not change during the reorganizations, so the beginning of flowering phenological event was consequently defined as Bthe appearance of the first flowers producing pollens on at least 50 % of the observed plants^ (Dunay 1984), which equals the event 61, according to the BBCH scale (Meier 1997). We converted all dates given in months and days to day of the year (DOY) values.…”

Executive Privilege or Parliamentary Proviso? Exploring the Sources of Parliamentary War Powers

“…In Hungary, for instance, the changes in deployment law were preceded by criticism from inside NATO that Hungary's constitutional rules precluded the participation of Hungarian forces in joint NATO operations. 41 Similarly, the Constitutional Court in Bulgaria put forward a new interpretation of deployment rules in order to allow for Bulgarian participation in NATO operations; the same motive can be found in the reformulation of Czech and Slovak deployment laws. 42 Case studies would thus help arrive at a clearer assessment of the significance that such variables and combinations of variables, which exist only in a minor number of cases have, in addition to the general patterns we have identified.…”

The failure of defense planning in European Post-Communist Defense Institutions: ascertaining causation and determining solutions

“….for much of the 1990s, Hungarian civilmilitary relations were characterised by two largely incompetent groups facing each other: the new civilians in the defence sector and the old military "professionals"'. 19 This lack of expertise in both military and civilian officials resulted in poorly drafted and costed defence plans. A formal defence planning system was developed with the assistance of Western advisers in the mid-1990s, yet a detailed examination of the description of the process reveals what appears to be a needlessly complex set of discrete sub-processes.…”