The hand’s automatic pilot can update visual information while the eye is in motion

Cameron, Brendan D.; Enns, James T.; Franks, Ian M.; Chua, Romeo

doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1812-7

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…To produce an immediate correction , the brain must detect and process error signals as early as possible. Consistent with this view, it has been shown that intra-saccadic visual information can lead to immediate corrections (online modifications of large saccades and hand movements trajectory [41], [42], corrective saccades [43]–[45]). In contrast, in the case of adaptation mechanisms, the use of visual error signals has no consequence until the same motor response is reproduced, and we thus assumed that the early detection of error signals is not critical in this situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Brain Processing of Visual Information during Fast Eye Movements Maintains Motor Performance

et al. 2013

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Movement accuracy depends crucially on the ability to detect errors while actions are being performed. When inaccuracies occur repeatedly, both an immediate motor correction and a progressive adaptation of the motor command can unfold. Of all the movements in the motor repertoire of humans, saccadic eye movements are the fastest. Due to the high speed of saccades, and to the impairment of visual perception during saccades, a phenomenon called “saccadic suppression”, it is widely believed that the adaptive mechanisms maintaining saccadic performance depend critically on visual error signals acquired after saccade completion. Here, we demonstrate that, contrary to this widespread view, saccadic adaptation can be based entirely on visual information presented during saccades. Our results show that visual error signals introduced during saccade execution–by shifting a visual target at saccade onset and blanking it at saccade offset–induce the same level of adaptation as error signals, presented for the same duration, but after saccade completion. In addition, they reveal that this processing of intra-saccadic visual information for adaptation depends critically on visual information presented during the deceleration phase, but not the acceleration phase, of the saccade. These findings demonstrate that the human central nervous system can use short intra-saccadic glimpses of visual information for motor adaptation, and they call for a reappraisal of current models of saccadic adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Brain Processing of Visual Information during Fast Eye Movements Maintains Motor Performance

et al. 2013

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“…One similarity concerns the duration of stimuli that can be masked (Breitmeyer &Ögmen, 2006), which is close to the typical durations of saccades (Baloh, Sills, Kumley, & Honrubia, 1975;Carpenter, 1988). Another similarity is that while we are usually unaware of the intrasaccadic image, it can still be processed by the visual system (Cameron, Enns, Franks, & Chua, 2009;Castet et al, 2002). This is also the case with ordinary masking, as demonstrated by masked priming (e.g., Dehaene & Naccache, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Masking the saccadic smear

2016

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Static visual stimuli are smeared across the retina during saccades, but in normal conditions this smear is not perceived. Instead, we perceive the visual scene as static and sharp. However, retinal smear is perceived if stimuli are shown only intrasaccadically, but not if the stimulus is additionally shown before a saccade begins, or after the saccade ends (Campbell & Wurtz, 1978). This inhibition has been compared to forward and backward metacontrast masking, but with spatial relations between stimulus and mask that are different from ordinary metacontrast during fixation. Previous studies of smear masking have used subjective measures of smear perception. Here we develop a new, objective technique for measuring smear masking, based on the spatial localization of a gap in the smear created by very quickly blanking the stimulus at various points during the saccade. We apply this technique to show that smear masking survives dichoptic presentation (suggesting that it is therefore cortical in origin), as well as separations of as much as 6° between smear and mask.

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“…The study of Gaveau et al [35] demonstrated that a target step occurring at saccade onset can significantly modify the on-going trajectory of large saccades (∼30 deg). Another study, investigating automatic corrections of hand pointing movements [36], showed that presenting a displaced visual target only during the saccadic response period led to significant updating of the hand's trajectory. Thus, these two studies suggest that some visual processing of the jumped target position can be initiated during the saccade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory Processing of Motor Inaccuracy Depends on Previously Performed Movement and on Subsequent Motor Corrections: A Study of the Saccadic System

Panouillères

Urquizar²,

Salemme³

et al. 2011

PLoS ONE

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When goal-directed movements are inaccurate, two responses are generated by the brain: a fast motor correction toward the target and an adaptive motor recalibration developing progressively across subsequent trials. For the saccadic system, there is a clear dissociation between the fast motor correction (corrective saccade production) and the adaptive motor recalibration (primary saccade modification). Error signals used to trigger corrective saccades and to induce adaptation are based on post-saccadic visual feedback. The goal of this study was to determine if similar or different error signals are involved in saccadic adaptation and in corrective saccade generation. Saccadic accuracy was experimentally altered by systematically displacing the visual target during motor execution. Post-saccadic error signals were studied by manipulating visual information in two ways. First, the duration of the displaced target after primary saccade termination was set at 15, 50, 100 or 800 ms in different adaptation sessions. Second, in some sessions, the displaced target was followed by a visual mask that interfered with visual processing. Because they rely on different mechanisms, the adaptation of reactive saccades and the adaptation of voluntary saccades were both evaluated. We found that saccadic adaptation and corrective saccade production were both affected by the manipulations of post-saccadic visual information, but in different ways. This first finding suggests that different types of error signal processing are involved in the induction of these two motor corrections. Interestingly, voluntary saccades required a longer duration of post-saccadic target presentation to reach the same amount of adaptation as reactive saccades. Finally, the visual mask interfered with the production of corrective saccades only during the voluntary saccades adaptation task. These last observations suggest that post-saccadic perception depends on the previously performed action and that the differences between saccade categories of motor correction and adaptation occur at an early level of visual processing.

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The hand’s automatic pilot can update visual information while the eye is in motion

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Brain Processing of Visual Information during Fast Eye Movements Maintains Motor Performance

Brain Processing of Visual Information during Fast Eye Movements Maintains Motor Performance

Masking the saccadic smear

Sensory Processing of Motor Inaccuracy Depends on Previously Performed Movement and on Subsequent Motor Corrections: A Study of the Saccadic System

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