The handbook of tunnel fire safety

Beard, Alan N.; Carvel, Richard

doi:10.1680/hotfs.31685

Cited by 133 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This is in contrast to observations in tunnels, for sufficiently high heat release rates [20]. In case of under-ventilated fires, the activation of the SHC system may supply more oxygen to the fire and consequently may lead to an increase in fire heat release rate.…”

Section: B a Car Park Is Not A Tunnelcontrasting

confidence: 76%

Smoke and heat control for fires in large car parks: Lessons learnt from research?

Merci

Shipp

2013

Fire Safety Journal

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This paper focuses on car park fire safety, more particularly on fire and smoke (and heat) dynamics. The first part deals with the choice of design fire, based on recent full-scale car fire experiments with modern cars and different set-ups. Different aspects of smoke and heat control (SHC) systems are then discussed from the perspective of smoke (and heat) dynamics. The focus is mainly on the effect of horizontal mechanical ventilation, a popular technique, on the smoke and heat, generated by the fire source. Some fundamental differences from (longitudinal) mechanical ventilation in tunnels are described. Possible effects of water (sprinklers, water mist or from a fire brigade intervention), as well as some possible routes for further research, are briefly commented.

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Section: B a Car Park Is Not A Tunnelcontrasting

confidence: 76%

Smoke and heat control for fires in large car parks: Lessons learnt from research?

Merci

Shipp

2013

Fire Safety Journal

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“…In tunnels, it is common practice not to allow any smoke backlayering (e.g. Beard and Carvel [2]), i.e. smoke should not move in the direction, opposite to the ventilation direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between horizontal ventilation velocity and backlayering distance in large closed car parks

Tilley¹,

Merci²

2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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Due to the ceiling jet phenomenon, smoke above a fire source has a natural tendency to spread under the ceiling in all directions, until a barrier is reached. The present study focuses on smoke control, rather than smoke clearance, in large closed car parks. A particular situation is that the ceiling height is much lower than the horizontal car park dimensions. Also, flame heights can be in the same order of magnitude as the ceiling height, so that flames can penetrate into the smoke layer under the ceiling near the fire source. Smoke control in case of fire in large car parks can be established by horizontal mechanical ventilation. A 'critical ventilation velocity' exists, for which no smoke backlayering occurs, i.e. the car park is maintained smoke-free at one side of the fire source. In many cases, however, backlayering can be allowed to a certain distance. We analyse the results from a large series of CFD-simulations, used as numerical experiments, and illustrate that there is a relation between the horizontal ventilation velocity and the backlayering distance. The backlayering distance varies linearly with the difference between the critical ventilation velocity and the actual ventilation velocity of the incoming fresh air. We perform a parameter study with variation of heat release rate per unit area, fire source area, car park width and car park height. We show that the coefficient in the mentioned linear relationship is independent of the fire source area, the car park height and the car park width, but increases with decreasing heat release rate per unit area. We compare the results for the critical ventilation velocity in car parks to results obtained in tunnel fires. We confirm the observations that the critical ventilation velocity increases with fire source area and heat release rate per unit area, as well as a small influence of the car park width. We observe an increase of the critical ventilation velocity with increasing car park height. Finally, we point out that care must be taken when a smoke control system design is based on volume flow rates, calculated from cold inlet flow velocities, as differences between extraction velocities and incoming air velocities can be substantial.KEYWORDS: large closed car parks, smoke management, horizontal mechanical ventilation, backlayering, CFD, performance-based design, modelling, fluid dynamics NOMENCLATURE LISTING

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“…Yet, we recall that we do not consider fire spread (which might be more rapid and severe under favourable ventilation conditions, see e.g. [9]). …”

Section: Influence Of the Imposed Ventilation Flow Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulations of Flow Fields in Case of Fire and Forced Ventilation in a Closed Car Park

Deckers¹,

Jangi²,

Haga³

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards

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The handbook of tunnel fire safety

Cited by 133 publications

References 1 publication

Smoke and heat control for fires in large car parks: Lessons learnt from research?

Smoke and heat control for fires in large car parks: Lessons learnt from research?

Relation between horizontal ventilation velocity and backlayering distance in large closed car parks

Numerical Simulations of Flow Fields in Case of Fire and Forced Ventilation in a Closed Car Park

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