The hazard of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during water disinfection with strong oxidants

Occurrences of nitrosamines in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water in three representative cities, China

“…Some studies revealed that chlorination of water containing DMA, methylethylamine, diethylamine and diphenylamine in the presence of ammonia ions results in the formation of NDMA, NMEA, NDEA and NDPhA, respectively (Choi et al, 2002;Andrzejewski et al, 2005;Zhou et al, 2009). These findings indicate that most nitrosamines are usually formed by nitrosation or oxidation of amine precursors in the process of disinfection.…”

Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons

“…Recent research found that low-level N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) can be formed as a by-product of disinfection processes using chlorine or chloramines because of the reaction with organic nitrate in the water and wastewater [1][2][3]. The US Environmental Protection Agency classified NDMA as a probable human carcinogen [4].…”

Photodegradation of N-nitrosodiethylamine in water with UV irradiation

“…In recent years, much research has been carried out on NDMA, focusing on the analysis methods [7][8][9][10] , the formation mechanism during chloration and chloramination [11 -17] , and the degradation technology in water treatment [18][19][20][21][22][23] . However, only a few papers were concerned with the degradation of NDEA in an aquatic environment.…”