The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis

Šalkovskis, Paul M.; Rimes, Katharine A.; Warwick, Hilary M. C.; Clark, David M.

doi:10.1017/s0033291702005822

Cited by 1,066 publications

(1,117 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Patients were enrolled between April and June 2011. At enrollment, patients completed demographics and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale (PHQ-9), the Short Health Anxiety Index (SHAI) [16,24,28], and pain questionnaires. They also completed an ordinal health scale in which a number between 0 and 10 was chosen to represent their overall health.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SHAI was used to assess health anxiety [24]. This questionnaire has 18 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3, indicating that a higher total score equaled more health anxiety [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This questionnaire has 18 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3, indicating that a higher total score equaled more health anxiety [24]. The complete SHAI was missing for one patient and we imputed the group mean for this value.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Associated With Survey Response in Hand Surgery Research

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Anderson

Neuhaus

et al. 2013

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background A low response rate is believed to decrease the validity of survey studies. Factors associated with nonresponse to surveys are poorly characterized in orthopaedic research. Questions/purposes This study addressed whether (1) psychologic factors; (2) demographics; (3) illness-related factors; and (4) pain are predictors of a lower likelihood of a patient returning a mailed survey. Methods One hundred four adult, new or return patients completed questionnaires including the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale, Short Health Anxiety Index, demographics, and a pain scale (0-10) during a routine visit to a hand and upper extremity surgeon. Of these patients, 38% had undergone surgery and the remainder was seen for various other conditions. Six months after their visit, patients were mailed the DASH questionnaire and a scale to rate their satisfaction with the visit (0-10). Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to determine risk factors for being a nonresponder to the followup of this study. The cohort consisted of 57 women and 47 men with a mean age of 51 years with various diagnoses. Thirty-five patients (34%) returned the questionnaire. Responders were satisfied with their visit (mean satisfaction, 8.7) and had a DASH score of 9.6.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SHAI was used to assess health anxiety [24]. This questionnaire has 18 items with scores ranging from 0 to 3, indicating that a higher total score equaled more health anxiety [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Associated With Survey Response in Hand Surgery Research

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Anderson

Neuhaus

et al. 2013

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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“…It is a condition normally associated with beliefs regarding the presence of illness and a preoccupation about being ill (Salkovskis, Rimes, Warwick & Clark, 2002). These approaches specify several dysfunctional cognitions as important in both the development and maintenance of the disorder (Abramowitz & Braddock, 2008;Fergus, 2013;Marcus & Church, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and initial validation of a measure of metacognitive beliefs in health anxiety: The MCQ-HA

Bailey

Wells

2015

Psychiatry Research

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“…7,38,[41][42][43] Hypochondriacal health anxiety was assessed with a validated, structured diagnostic interview, 44 and with three self-report questionnaires: The Whiteley Index, a widely used measure with established validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change 45,46 ; the Health Anxiety Inventory, a questionnaire minimally influenced by the presence of major medical illness that has good validity, internal consistency, and reliability 47,48 ; and the Medical Cognitions Questionnaire, assessing the frequency of disease-related thoughts. 16 Role impairment and functional status were assessed with the Functional Status Questionnaire, 49 a valid and reliable questionnaire for use in ambulatory medical populations.…”

Section: Variables and Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Randomized Trial of Treatments for High-Utilizing Somatizing Patients

et al. 2013

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BACKGROUND: Somatization and hypochondriacal health anxiety are common sources of distress, impairment, and costly medical utilization in primary care practice. A range of interventions is needed to improve the care of these patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of two cognitive behavioral interventions for high-utilizing, somatizing patients, using the resources found in a routine care setting. DESIGN: Patients were randomly assigned to a two-step cognitive behavioral treatment program accompanied by a training seminar for their primary care physicians, or to relaxation training. Providers routinely working in these patients' primary care practices delivered the cognitive behavior therapy and relaxation training. A follow-up assessment was completed immediately prior to treatment and 6 and 12 months later. SUBJECTS: Eighty-nine medical outpatients with elevated levels of somatization, hypochondriacal health anxiety, and medical care utilization. MEASUREMENTS: Somatization and hypochondriasis, overall psychiatric distress, and role impairment were assessed with well-validated, self-report questionnaires. Outpatient visits and medical care costs before and after the intervention were obtained from the encounter claims database. RESULTS: At 6 month and 12 month follow-up, both intervention groups showed significant improvements in somatization (p< 0.01), hypochondriacal symptoms (p<0.01), overall psychiatric distress (p< 0.01), and role impairment (p<0.01). Outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups. When both groups were combined, ambulatory visits declined from 10.3 to 8.8 (p=0.036), and mean ambulatory costs decreased from $3,574 to $2,991 (p=0.028) in the year preceding versus the year following the interventions. Psychiatric visits and costs were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Two similar cognitive behavioral interventions, delivered with the resources available in routine primary care, improved somatization, hypochondriacal symptoms, overall psychiatric distress, and role function. They also reduced the ambulatory visits and costs of these high utilizing outpatients.K E Y W O R D S : co g n it i v e b e ha v i or t h e ra p y ; so m a t i z a t i o n; hypochondriasis; medical utilization; medical care costs.

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The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis

Abstract: The HAI is a reliable and valid measure of health anxiety. It is likely to be useful as a brief screening instrument, as there is a short form which correlates highly with the longer version.

Cited by 1,066 publications

References 20 publications

Factors Associated With Survey Response in Hand Surgery Research

Factors Associated With Survey Response in Hand Surgery Research

Development and initial validation of a measure of metacognitive beliefs in health anxiety: The MCQ-HA

A Randomized Trial of Treatments for High-Utilizing Somatizing Patients

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