“…Nolte, Elsworth, Sinclair, and reviewed patient self-management classes related to chronic illnesses and identified effects using the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (HEIQ) developed by Osborne, Elsworth, and Whitfield, (2007). The HEIQ measures patient education classes and proximal outcomes using measures of positive active engagement, health-directed behaviors, skill and technique acquisition, constructive attitudes and approaches, self-monitoring and insight, health service navigation, emotional well-being, and social integration and support.…”