The Heart of the Antarctic

Shackleton, Ernest

doi:10.2307/201230

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Previous observations of freezing and refrozen parallel‐sided cracks showed that the c‐axes of crystals are generally horizontal in both, lake ice and in sea ice [ Shackleton , 1909; David and Priestley , 1914; Taylor and Lyons , 1959; Weeks and Lee , 1958; Metge , 1976; Weeks and Ackley , 1986]. This alignment is consistent with bidirectional heat flux considerations [ Weeks and Ackley , 1986].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Formation and structure of refrozen cracks in land‐fast first‐year sea ice

Petrich¹,

Langhorne²,

Haskell³

2007

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] This study characterizes the healing process and structure of undeformed, linear, parallel-sided, flooded cracks in land-fast sea ice. Field investigations and refreezing experiments were performed in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica, between 1998 and 2002. Data from a two-dimensional thermistor array are used to show that the ice-water interface of freezing cracks is arch-shaped due to bidirectional heat flow to the surrounding ice cover and to the atmosphere. Ice growing laterally into the crack is found to desalinate over a prolonged period of time, until the isotherms are approximately horizontal. Superposition of heat flow to the atmosphere and to the host sea ice sheet allows the refreezing progress to be modeled analytically. Close to the ice-air interface, the salinity is higher at the sides of wide refrozen cracks than it is at the center. However, deeper down and in narrower cracks in general, the salinity is higher at the center than at the sides. A finite volume, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model reproduces the generally arch-shaped alignment of brine pockets. This pattern is attributed to convection in the mushy layer. Crystals are found to grow upstream into the crack due to a salinity gradient in the buoyant convective flow.Citation: Petrich, C., P. J. Langhorne, and T. G. Haskell (2007), Formation and structure of refrozen cracks in land-fast first-year sea ice,

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Formation and structure of refrozen cracks in land‐fast first‐year sea ice

Petrich¹,

Langhorne²,

Haskell³

2007

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Meteorological data about the flanks and the top of Mt Erebus are very limited. During the first ascent in March 1908, David reported temperatures of -23'3°e at 838 m and -28'9°c·at 2,666 m. A temperature drop of 2'2°e per 300 m was noted between sea level and 1,830 m; above this altitude the drop was only of O'5°e for 300 m (Shackleton, 1909). The author's air temperature measurements taken during the ascent in February 1962 were -15'OOe at 2,000 m and -25'OOe at 3,250 m. A more complete record is obtained from weather balloons sent aloft from nearby McMurdo Station.…”

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils of Mount Erebus, Antarctica

Ugolini

1967

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Soil distribution on Mt Erebus is restricted by the extensive ice and snow cover and by the rugged topography. Soil occurrence is limited to rock exposures, to areas kept free of ice by the hot vapours and heat of fumaroles, and to areas near the active crater. The soils of Mt Erebus are lithosols, and because of their acid reaction are unique among the soils of South Victoria Land, the Commonwealth Range, and the Bunger Oasis. Also, the mineral assemblage of these lithosols includes minerals not yet reported among the little-studied Antarctic soils. These outstanding characteristics are related to the hydrothermal processes associated with the volcanic activity of the region.A sample obtained near an active fumarole showed considerable microbiological activity and minerals such as allophane, gibbsite, illite, and feldspar. Allophane, an alteration product of volcanic ash, is forming at present in New Zealand and Japan. A sample from the summit was found to be sterile and to contain considerable quantities of sulphur and chlorides. The clay size fraction showed kaolinite, a mixed layer montmorillonite-illite, illite, and feldspar. The mineral suite of these soils may have been derived in place under the action of past and present surface hydrothermal processes; alternatively, it is possible that the minerals may have been synthesised at depth in the crater and later expelled.

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“…"I knew that it would not do to place much reliance on the machine in view of the uncertainty of the conditions." (Shackleton, 1909a (1), p. 21). He noted there were no difficulties at starting the car at 10 degrees below zero; however, "the drivingwheels were a great source of trouble, and the weight of the car its self-made it almost impossible to travel over the snow; the heavy rear wheels sunk into even the hardest snow and then spun around in the hole they had made for themselves."…”

Section: Motor Sledges As British Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, innovation and the race to the South Pole

Savitt

Lüdecke²

2022

Polar Record

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The present article extends recent studies that ask what might else have been considered by Scott and Amundsen in planning their sledging operations to reach the South Pole during the southern summer of 1911/12. Both were on the cusp of changes in exploration methods and had at hand significant knowledge from past expeditions. Scott’s preparations were based on British Arctic experiences using several haulage methods including the recent innovation, motor sledges. He had little success with them although more research and experimentation might have made them valuable. Amundsen’s integrated program was based on previous American and Norwegian exploration in the Arctic and Antarctica. The race was between two men with very different backgrounds. Scott and Amundsen belonged to the same generation, Scott followed the romantic tradition of heroism as suffering; whereas Amundsen came from a culture that did not value unnecessary risk to life and limb. He won the race with a different organizational type and a different approach to gathering and using knowledge. Evolutionary economics with its focus on organizational structure and its impact on the use of knowledge and innovation is used to evaluate the plans and results of Scott and Amundsen.

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The Heart of the Antarctic

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Formation and structure of refrozen cracks in land‐fast first‐year sea ice

Formation and structure of refrozen cracks in land‐fast first‐year sea ice

Soils of Mount Erebus, Antarctica

Knowledge, innovation and the race to the South Pole

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