The Hidden Cost of Modern Medical Interventions: How Medical Advances Have Shaped the Prevalence of Human Fungal Disease

Clark, Callum; Drummond, Rebecca A.

doi:10.3390/pathogens8020045

Cited by 46 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The increased numbers of immunocompromised hosts, global travel, climate alterations, and the common use of invasive devices have resulted in significant increases in rates of invasive mycoses. The medical mycology community has responded to this crisis by seeking out new approaches to combat these diseases, including through the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) [1][2][3][4][5] Recent studies show that systemic mycoses are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US, being responsible for the deaths of more than 1.6 million people [2,6] with annual costs over $7.2 billion dollars [7][8][9]. There is, however, a significantly poorer awareness of the global incidence of systemic mycoses reinforced by the typical lack of transmissibility of fungal diseases [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are currently~120,000 identified fungal species [12], with only a few hundred capable of causing disease in humans. Of these, only a small number affect healthy people [13,14], differing in severity from mild to severe systemic infections [2,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereafter, the conidia/hyphal fragments or yeast cells can reach any organ [5,15]. Systemic mycoses are frequently difficult to treat, as most of them occur in vulnerable individuals, with defective innate and adaptive immune responses [2,14,16]. Diseases with worldwide occurrences, such as candidiasis and aspergillosis, are frequent and severe, and are currently causing the highest rate of hospitalization due to fungi [1,7,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies

Boniche

Rossi

Kischkel

et al. 2020

JoF

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The increasing incidence in systemic fungal infections in humans has increased focus for the development of fungal vaccines and use of monoclonal antibodies. Invasive mycoses are generally difficult to treat, as most occur in vulnerable individuals, with compromised innate and adaptive immune responses. Mortality rates in the setting of our current antifungal drugs remain excessively high. Moreover, systemic mycoses require prolonged durations of antifungal treatment and side effects frequently occur, particularly drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. The use of monoclonal antibodies with or without concomitant administration of antifungal drugs emerges as a potentially efficient treatment modality to improve outcomes and reduce chemotherapy toxicities. In this review, we focus on the use of monoclonal antibodies with experimental evidence on the reduction of fungal burden and prolongation of survival in in vivo disease models. Presently, there are no licensed monoclonal antibodies for use in the treatment of systemic mycoses, although the potential of such a vaccine is very high as indicated by the substantial promising results from several experimental models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies

Boniche

Rossi

Kischkel

et al. 2020

JoF

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“…Almost concurrent with the enormous advances in medical diagnosis and treatment, a growing number of individuals have become susceptible to acquiring fungal infections [1], and the majority of these infections is lethal for more than 1.5 million people [2]. Fungal infections such as mucosal/skin infections, though non-lethal, can reduce the quality of life for >1 billion affected people [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different detection capabilities by mycological media for Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to compare the Candida bromcresol green (BCG) medium with the chromogenic (CHROM) Brilliance Candida agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media in regard to their capability of detecting Candida isolates from mono-or dual-species cultures. We prepared Candida isolates' suspensions to obtain mono-species (n = 18) or dual-species (n = 153) culture plates per each medium, and three readers independently observed 513 plates at 24-h, 48-h and 72-h incubation time. We scored reading results as correct, over or under detection compared to the expected species number(s). BCG showed significantly higher correct-detection and lower under-detection rates for all Candida species when observed by at least one reader. At 24-h reading, 12 mono-species cultures had correct (or over) detections in all media, whereas 106, 60 and 78 dual-species cultures had correct (or over) detections in BCG, CHROM or SDA, respectively. BCG provides the basis for an accurate laboratory diagnosis of Candida infections.

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“…Almost concurrent with the enormous advances in medical diagnosis and treatment, a growing number of individuals have become susceptible to acquiring fungal infections, 1 and the majority of these infections is lethal for more than 1.5 million people. 2 Fungal infections such as mucosal/skin infections, though non-lethal, can reduce the quality of life for >1 billion affected people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different detection capabilities by mycological media for Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures

Angelis

Menchinelli

Torelli

et al. 2019

Preprint

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22Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the Candida bromcresol green (BCG) medium with 23 the chromogenic (CHROM) Brilliance Candida agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media in 24 regard to their capability of detecting Candida isolates from mono-or dual-species cultures. 25Methods We prepared Candida isolates' suspensions to obtain mono-species (n = 18) or dual-species 26 (n = 153) culture plates per each medium, and three readers independently observed 513 plates at 24-27 h, 48-h and 72-h incubation time. We scored reading results as correct, over or under detection 28 compared to the expected species number(s). 29Results BCG showed significantly higher correct-detection and lower under-detection rates for all 30 Candida species when observed by at least one reader. At 24-h reading, 12 mono-species cultures 31 had correct (or over) detections in all media, whereas 106, 60 and 78 dual-species cultures had correct 32 (or over) detections in BCG, CHROM or SDA, respectively. 33 Conclusion BCG provides the basis for an accurate laboratory diagnosis of Candida infections. 3 35 36 Almost concurrent with the enormous advances in medical diagnosis and treatment, a growing 37 number of individuals have become susceptible to acquiring fungal infections, 1 and the majority of 38 these infections is lethal for more than 1.5 million people. 2 Fungal infections such as mucosal/skin 39 infections, though non-lethal, can reduce the quality of life for >1 billion affected people. 2 As 40 opportunistic fungi, Candida species are the prevalent causes of invasive (e.g. candidaemia) and non-41 invasive (e.g. vulvovaginal candidiasis) fungal diseases, with an estimated ~700,000 invasive 42 candidiasis cases occurring annually. 2 43 Early diagnosis and, consequently, prompt treatment of invasive Candida infections is crucial to 44 prevent mortality. 3 Five Candida species, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, 45 Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei, are responsible for 92% of cases of candidaemia globally. 4 46However, the gamut of clinically relevant Candida species is expanding 5 and, notably, less common 47 6 109 compared detections rates on the BCG versus CHROM or SDA plates using chi-square test. We 110 considered a p value of <0.05 statistically significant. We used the weighted kappa coefficient to 111 assess the inter-reader agreement, with ranges described in literature. 15 112 RESULTS 113We obtained 54 mono-species and 459 dual-species Candida cultures (171 on BCG, 171 on CHROM 114 and 171 on SDA plates), and the results of detecting Candida species are shown in figure 1 (all 115 species), figure 2 (common species) and figure 3 (uncommon species). The percentages of correct 116 detections of the three Candida species groups, compared to expected results, ranged with the BCG 117 medium from 73.1 (24 h) to 90.1 (72 h), 73.3 (48/72 h) to 93.3 (72 h), and 64.8 (24 h) to 91.2 (72 h); 118 with the CHROM medium from 44.4 (24 h) to 90.6 (72 h), 53.3 (24 h) to 93.3 (48/72 h), and 40.7 (24 119...

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The Hidden Cost of Modern Medical Interventions: How Medical Advances Have Shaped the Prevalence of Human Fungal Disease

Cited by 46 publications

References 60 publications

Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies

Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies

Different detection capabilities by mycological media for Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures

Different detection capabilities by mycological media for Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures

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