The High Cost of Free Parking

Shoup, Donald

doi:10.1177/0739456x9701700102

Cited by 356 publications

(495 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Since the 1980's, he has been crusading for cashing out free and heavily subsidized employer-provided and curbside parking, and for eliminating minimum parking requirements. The best point of entry into the literature on parking is his magisterial book, The High Cost of Free Parking (Shoup, 2005), which not only advocates policy changes, but also provides a wealth of information and data related to parking. Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture (Jakle and Sculle, 2004) provides an informative history of parking in the US.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downtown curbside parking capacity

Arnott

İnci

Rowse

2015

Journal of Urban Economics

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In downtown areas, what proportion of curbside should be allocated to parking? In contrast to most previous work on the economics of parking, this paper focuses on optimal curbside parking capacity in both …rst-best (where pricing is e¢ cient) and second-best (where pricing is ine¢ cient) environments. It …rst considers the situation where there is only curbside parking, and then the situation where there may be both curbside and private garage parking. For each situation, it examines the short run in which curbside parking capacity is …xed and the long run in which it is a policy variable.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downtown curbside parking capacity

Arnott

İnci

Rowse

2015

Journal of Urban Economics

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“…In fact, tra¢ c experts simply do not know what proportion of cars on downtown city streets are cruising for parking. Shoup (2005) presents a table summarizing the results of thirteen studies on cruising for parking. Across the studies, the average share of tra¢ c cruising for parking was 30% and the average cruising time 7.8 minutes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated model of downtown parking and traffic congestion

Arnott

İnci

2006

Journal of Urban Economics

301

133

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This paper presents a downtown parking model that integrates tra¢ c congestion and saturated on-street parking. We assume that the stock of cars cruising for parking adds to tra¢ c congestion. Two major results come out from the model, one of which is robust. The robust one is that, whether or not the amount of on-street parking is optimal, it is e¢ cient to raise the on-street parking fee to the point where cruising for parking is eliminated without parking becoming unsaturated. The other is that, if the parking fee is …xed at a sub-optimal level, it is second-best optimal to increase the amount of curbside allocated to parking until cruising for parking is eliminated without parking becoming unsaturated.

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“…Parking is a growing problem in U.S. cities due to the increasing number of drivers and the fact that cars remain parked about 95% of the time (Marsden, 2006;Shoup, 2011). Yet, there is little empirical work on this topic within the transportation literature, even though previous studies show parking in the U.S. is grossly underpriced and inefficient, leading to increased adverse effects including cruising for parking and worsening air quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Effects of Demand-Responsive Parking on Transit Usage and Congestion: Evidence From Sfpark

Ngo¹,

Krishnamurth²

2017

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Type of Report and Period CoveredFinal report 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Supplementary Notes AbstractParking is a serious issue in many urban areas, especially those experiencing rapid population growth. To address this problem, some cities have implemented demand-responsive pricing programs, where parking prices vary depending on the occupancy rate in a previous period. Yet, few empirical studies have rigorously evaluated these programs, though they have the potential to improve turnover and much needed parking availability in growing cities with limited infrastructure. In this study, we investigate the impacts of SFpark, a demand-responsive pricing parking program in San Francisco that began in 2011. We focus on metered, on-street parking and exploit the timing of SFpark as a natural experiment. We observe effects on three important aspects of urban transportation: parking availability, transit bus ridership and congestion. The timing of this program is plausibly exogenous to factors that affect these outcomes of interest since it is based on bureaucratic decision-making, so endogeneity is less of a concern. We generate a novel panel data set by merging detailed parking occupancy and meter rate data with micro-level transit bus ridership information at the bus stop-bus shift level. Results show that SFpark led to more areas meeting the target occupancy range of 60-80%. We also find heterogeneous effects on transit ridership and show an increase in meter rates is associated with a modest increase in ridership, suggesting people are substituting between transit and non-transit travel and that meter rates factor into mode choice. Finally, we find SFpark reduced congestion, specifically decreasing lane occupancy and increasing vehicle speed. These results have important implications for transportation policy as cities continue to expand and implement demand-responsive pricing programs globally.

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The High Cost of Free Parking

Cited by 356 publications

References 4 publications

Downtown curbside parking capacity

Downtown curbside parking capacity

An integrated model of downtown parking and traffic congestion

The Effects of Demand-Responsive Parking on Transit Usage and Congestion: Evidence From Sfpark

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