The Hippocampal System as the Cortical Resource Manager: A Model Connecting Psychology, Anatomy and Physiology

Abstract

A model is described in which the hippocampal system functions as resource manager for the neocortex. This model is developed from an architectural concept for the brain as a whole within which the receptive fields of neocortical columns can gradually increase but with some limited exceptions tend not to decrease. The definition process for receptive fields is constrained so that they overlap as little as possible, and change as little as possible, but at least a minimum number of columns detect their fields within every sensory input state. Below this minimum, the receptive fields of some columns are increased slightly until the minimum level is reached. The columns in which this increase occurs are selected by a competitive process in the hippocampal system that identifies those in which only a relatively small increase is required, and sends signals to those columns that trigger the increase. These increases in receptive fields are the information record that forms the declarative memory of the input state. Episodic memory activates a set of columns in which receptive fields increased simultaneously at some point in the past, and the hippocampal system is therefore the appropriate source for information guiding access to such memories. Semantic memory associates columns that are often active (with or without increases in receptive fields) simultaneously. Initially, the hippocampus can guide access to such memories on the basis of initial information recording, but to avoid corruption of the information needed for ongoing resource management, access control shifts to other parts of the neocortex. The roles of the mammillary bodies, amygdala and anterior thalamic nucleus can be understood as modulating information recording in accordance with various behavioral priorities. During sleep, provisional physical connectivity is created that supports receptive field increases in the subsequent wake period, but previously created memories are not affected. This model matches a wide range of neuropsychological observation better than alternative hippocampal models. The information mechanisms required by the model are consistent with known brain anatomy and neuron physiology.

Physical exercise alleviates debilities of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease

“…aMCI expresses the decline in episodic memory and semantic memory performance below the age‐adjusted normal range without marked loss of global cognition or activities of daily living (23–26), as an early‐stage AD terminating in clinical dementia (27–29). Medial temporal lobe function, which includes the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, intrinsic to episodic memory (30–32) is subject to neurofrillation (33). Bastin et al.…”

Staging Neurodegenerative Disorders: Structural, Regional, Biomarker, and Functional Progressions

“…MCI represents generally early-stage AD in the eventual transition to clinical dementia (Petersen et al 1999Morris et al 2001;Petersen and Morris 2005;Chételat et al 2008;Duara et al 2010). Medial temporal lobe function, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, is essential to episodic memory (Squires and Zola-Morgan 1991;Woodard et al 2009;Burianova et al 2010;Coward 2010). The pathophysiology of AD incorporates early involvement of neurofrillation of these structures (Braak and Braak 1991).…”

Using the Change Manager Model for the Hippocampal System to Predict Connectivity and Neurophysiological Parameters in the Perirhinal Cortex

“…Coward [ 1 ] originally proposed that, within the framework of the recommendation architecture, the hippocampus managed changes to cortical receptive fields, determining when and where such changes occur. A more detailed model for how the full structure illustrated in Figure 4 performs cortical change management has been extensively developed since then [ 16 , 17 ] and compared with the neuroscience and cognitive predictions it makes and with a range of alternative models [ 16 ].…”

“…These constraints on change have a number of implications [ 16 ]. Firstly , since receptive field detections recommend behaviours, if a cortical area is receiving inputs and is only detecting a small number of receptive fields, the number of recommendations will be too small for a high integrity selection.…”