The Historical Distribution of Main Malaria Foci in Spain as Related to Water Bodies

Sousa, Arturo; García-Barrón, Leoncio; Vetter, Mark; Morales, Julia

doi:10.3390/ijerph110807896

Cited by 10 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These results, as well as previous works [11,45], indicate that the number of deaths does not show a homogeneous distribution in the country, but it is concentrated in certain regions, and within these in certain provinces. In this sense, using the mortality data at the provincial scale between 1916 and 1930, we can conclude that 77% of deaths by autochthonous malaria were concentrated in only 20% of the Spanish provinces.…”

Section: Autochthonous Malariasupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Between 1913 and 1916, there was an average rate of 20.6 deaths per 356 cases of illness, with a coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.79 (up to 0.90 only for 1913). With respect to the average in the whole of Spain, there was a remarkable mortality rate in the region of Extremadura and a lower mortality rate in the region of Levante for an equivalent morbidity [11].…”

Section: Autochthonous Malariamentioning

confidence: 79%

“…For cases of autochthonous malaria, the archives have gathered annual reports or yearbooks, beginning in 1858 in compliance with the organic regulation of the general Statistical Commission of the Kingdom of Spain, and in a more thorough and regular manner from 1900 [11]. These data refer to the numbers of cases of infection and mortality, unhealthy water bodies, antimalarial dispensaries and positive cases of autochthonous malaria in antimalarial dispensaries.…”

Section: Temporal Distribution Of Malaria In Spain Throughout the 20tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, the last endemic foci of autochthonous malaria were eradicated in the 1960s and 1970s [9]. In Spain, the last case of death by autochthonous malaria was recorded in 1959 and the last cases of the disease were reported in 1961, although it was in 1964 when it was declared officially eradicated by the WHO [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies on the whole of Europe [12] highlight an interest in historical reconstruction of the epidemiology of malaria, which can be used to differentiate the drivers of eradication of the disease. However, there are few studies with a thorough approach to the spatial distribution of malaria in the whole of Spain in the 20th and 21st centuries, with an even smaller number of studies using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) to produce a geospatial view of the disease [11]. A spatiotemporal approach can also help to better recognise the risk of re-emergence of induced malaria in temperate countries where it was eradicated, as well as more effective measures for the eradication of autochthonous malaria in those countries where it is still endemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatiotemporal Distribution of Malaria in Spain in a Global Change Context

Sousa

Alba

Vetter³

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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Malaria is one of the most cited vector-borne infectious diseases by climate change expert panels. Malaria vectors often need water sheets or wetlands to complete the disease life cycle. The current context of population mobility and global change requires detailed monitoring and surveillance of malaria in all countries. This study analysed the spatiotemporal distribution of death and illness cases caused by autochthonous and imported malaria in Spain during the 20th and 21st centuries using multidisciplinary sources, Geographic Information System (GIS) and geovisualisation. The results obtained reveal that, in the 20th and 21st centuries, malaria has not had a homogeneous spatial distribution. Between 1916 and 1930, 77% of deaths from autochthonous malaria were concentrated in only 20% of Spanish provinces; in 1932, 88% of patients treated in anti-malarial dispensaries were concentrated in these same provinces. These last data reveal the huge potential that anti-malarial dispensaries could have as a tool to reconstruct historical epidemiology. Spanish autochthonous malaria has presented epidemic upsurge episodes, especially those of 1917–1922 and 1939–1944, influenced by armed conflict, population movement and damaged health and hygiene conditions. Although meteorological variables have not played a key role in these epidemic episodes, they contributed by providing suitable conditions for their intensification. After the eradication of autochthonous malaria in 1961, imported malaria cases began to be detected in 1973, reaching more than 700 cases per year at the end of the second decade of the 21st century. Therefore, consistent and detailed historical studies are necessary to better understand the drivers that have led to the decline and elimination of malaria in Europe and other temperate countries.

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Section: Autochthonous Malariasupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Autochthonous Malariamentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Temporal Distribution Of Malaria In Spain Throughout the 20tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Malaria in Spain in a Global Change Context

Sousa

Alba

Vetter³

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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Mediterranean wetlands: archaeology, ecology, and sustainability

2017

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We propose a long-term view of the evolution of human-environment interactions within Mediterranean wetlands, from prehistory to the present day, based on available published works. Our aim is to consider the sustainable use of these landscapes, past, present, and future, integrating perspectives from archaeology, ecology, and sustainable development. After briefly introducing the physiographic and ecological processes that characterize Mediterranean wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide to human populations, we consider their significance for three major questions in European archaeology: the Neanderthal extinction and the spread of modern humans, the introduction and spread of agriculture, human environmental impact since the Bronze and Iron ages. We then proceed with historical evidence of intentional transformation of Mediterranean wetlands by means of land reclamation, from the Classical to Medieval periods and into Modern times, before considering the current state of Mediterranean wetlands and the challenges they are facing in the present day. The preservation of wetlands has now become a priority issue at European level and generates concern for local communities and governing bodies, concerning biodiversity, maintenance of key services and cultural preservation. Based on the review of key events in the dynamic relationship between human populations and Mediterranean wetlands, we end by exploring available initiatives, tools and strategies to assess and support their conservation, governance and sustainable development, present and future.

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