The Historiography of a Construct: “Feudalism” and the Medieval Historian

Abstract

Between 1974 and 1994, two influential critiques of feudalism were published, an article in 1974 by Elizabeth A. R. Brown and a book by Susan Reynolds in 1994, that crystallized doubts about the construct of feudalism harbored by many historians of the Middle Ages. Over the last few years textbooks have begun to reflect the new consensus. Medieval historians responsible for chapters on the Middle Ages in Western Civilization and World Civilization textbooks now shy away from the term ‘feudalism’. This reticence is less evident in civilization textbooks lacking a medievalist among the collaborators. In several of these we still find the ‘feudal Middle Ages’ presented without apology, as well as comparisons drawn between Japanese, Chinese, and medieval Western feudalisms. Whether or not the assigned textbook mentions ‘feudalism’, most Western civilization instructors probably continue to use the term because it is familiar to them and to their students. This article presents an overview of the historiography of one of the key concepts for the study of the Middle Ages, and an assessment of where the state of the question now stands. The author concludes that, although the critique of feudalism is powerful and necessary, the pendulum is threatening to swing too far in the other direction, away from the vertical ties and power relations that once dominated discussions of medieval politics and society, and toward a new paradigm of horizontal bonds, consensus making, and community.

Thescabiniin historiographical perspective

“…15A, p. 32. 2 The historiography of this subject is naturally too expansive to begin to summarise here, but see Abels (2009), in this journal, for a useful starting point. 7 The arguments on this subkect presented at length by Weitzel (1985) will be treated in a forthcoming study.…”

“…6 6 The historiography of this subject is naturally too expansive to begin to summarise here, but see Abels (2009), in this journal, for a useful starting point.…”

The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan

“…associated with the fragmentation of central authority.' 36 In this context, it is worth examining the degree to which developments in Japan diverged from the evolution of these institutions in Europe. Foremost among these differences is the separation, in Japan, of three key processes: the appearance of the samurai, the emergence of warrior-aristocrats as rulers, and the evolution of vassalage and its relationship to benefice.…”