The History and Future Challenges of Calcined Petroleum Coke Production and Use in Aluminum Smelting

Edwards, Les

doi:10.1007/s11837-014-1248-9

Cited by 72 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…To achieve a predictable and effective behaviour in the cell there are strict requirements on the calcined petroleum coke (CPC) quality. However, because of the increase in demand, combined with changes in the petroleum industry from which coke is a by-product, the quality of the coke available for use in pre-baked anodes is decreasing [2]. The aluminium industry now needs to determine the impact on the smelting process of using lower quality cokes containing higher metal and sulfur content and lower density, which are closer to the quality of fuel grade coke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An EXAFS and XANES Study of V, Ni, and Fe Speciation in Cokes for Anodes Used in Aluminum Production

Jahrsengene

Wells

Sommerseth

et al. 2019

Metall Mater Trans B

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Lower quality petroleum coke is required to be used in anode manufacture containing S and the metal impurities V, Ni and Fe. These affect the anode performance in the aluminium production process. The chemical identity of the metal species in the coke is not known.Industrial petroleum cokes with high S and containing V, Ni and Fe were analysed by XANES and EXAFS. XANES spectra were compared with standards. EXAFS was used to compare the impurity metal structures with known crystal structures. V is present largely as hexagonal V3S4. Ni is present largely as hexagonal NiS. Fe is present as hexagonal FeS. XAS measurement and analysis

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An EXAFS and XANES Study of V, Ni, and Fe Speciation in Cokes for Anodes Used in Aluminum Production

Jahrsengene

Wells

Sommerseth

et al. 2019

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…Calcination temperature exerts the largest influence on the quality of CPC; thus, many experimental and numerical studies have been conducted. Edwards (2015) found a close relationship between calcination temperature and real and vibrated bulk densities of CPC. Liu (2016) highlighted a remarkable correspondence between CPC quality and the maximum calcination temperature in the shaft calciner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Orthogonal Design-Based Grey Relational Analysis for Influence of Factors on Calcination Temperature in Shaft Calciner

Huang

et al. 2019

J. Chem. Eng. Japan / JCEJ

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Calcination temperature is the key factor a ecting the quality of calcined petroleum coke and dominated by calcination parameters in a shaft calciner. In this study, a method for evaluating the e ects of various factors on the temperature distribution in shaft calciners is proposed. A two-dimensional transient mathematical model was developed to describe the complex gas-solid coupled mass and heat transfer problems that occur during petroleum coke calcination in shaft calciners. In this model, a three-parallel-distributed activation energy model (DAEM)-reaction model was used to describe the pyrolysis kinetics of petroleum coke, and a dichotomy method was used to guarantee constant temperature in the ue of Layer 2 (T 2) to meet the operational control requirements in actual production. Then, a statistical method called orthogonal design-based grey relational analysis was used to quantize the in uence degree of salient factors (discharge rate per pot [DRPP], moisture content [MC], volatile content [VC], and volatile distribution ratio [VDR] in the ue of Layer 1) on the temperature distribution in the shaft calciner. An analysis of variance of the grey relational degree showed that VC was the most in uential factor, followed by DRPP and MC; VDR was the least in uential factor behind calcination temperature. Therefore, VC is the key factor a ecting the calcination temperature and must be strictly controlled during production.

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“…This results in cokes with higher sulfur content, usually accompanied by an increase in metal trace impurities. An almost linear relationship between sulfur and vanadium content is observed in most cokes, [3] although the relationships tend to be more scattered for cokes very high in vanadium or sulfur. Vanadium promote carbon reactivity with air, resulting in an increase in anode consumption if the anode cover material is not completely sealing the top and sides of the anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

A XANES Study of Sulfur Speciation and Reactivity in Cokes for Anodes Used in Aluminum Production

Jahrsengene

Wells

Rørvik

et al. 2018

Metall Mater Trans B

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Availability of anode raw materials in the growing aluminum industry results in a wider range of petroleum cokes being used to produce carbon anodes. The boundary between anode grade cokes and what previously was considered non-anode grades are no longer as distinct as before, leading to introduction of cokes with higher sulfur and higher trace metal impurity content in anode manufacturing. In this work, the chemical nature of sulfur in five industrial cokes, ranging from 1.42 to 5.54 wt pct S, was investigated with K-edge XANES, while the reactivity of the cokes towards CO2 was measured by a standard mass loss test. XANES identified most of the sulfur as organic sulfur compounds. In addition, a significant amount is identified (16 to 53 pct) as S-S bound sulfur. A strong inverse correlation is observed between CO2-reactivity and S-S bound sulfur in the cokes, indicating that the reduction in reactivity is more dependent on the amount of this type of sulfur compound rather than the total amount of sulfur or the amount of organic sulfur.

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The History and Future Challenges of Calcined Petroleum Coke Production and Use in Aluminum Smelting

Cited by 72 publications

References 21 publications

An EXAFS and XANES Study of V, Ni, and Fe Speciation in Cokes for Anodes Used in Aluminum Production

An EXAFS and XANES Study of V, Ni, and Fe Speciation in Cokes for Anodes Used in Aluminum Production

Orthogonal Design-Based Grey Relational Analysis for Influence of Factors on Calcination Temperature in Shaft Calciner

A XANES Study of Sulfur Speciation and Reactivity in Cokes for Anodes Used in Aluminum Production

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