The history of COPD

Abstract

The evolution of knowledge concerning COPD and its components – emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthmatic bronchitis – covers 200 years. The stethoscope and spirometer became important early tools in diagnosis and assessment. Spirometry remains the most effective means of identification and assessment of the course of COPD and responses to therapy, and is grossly underused for this purpose. Knowledge of the pathogenesis, course and prognosis, and new approaches to therapy have dramatically improved our understanding of this important clinical entity. Smoking cessation improves the early course of disease. Long-term oxygen improves the length and quality of life in selected patients with hypoxemia. Surgery benefits a select few. Today, COPD is a steadily growing global healthcare problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Early identification and prevention, and treatment of emerging stages of disease through smoking cessation and a growing number of bronchoactive drugs promises to change the outcome.

Metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

“…However, literature linking metabolic syndrome as a whole with COPD is scarce. It has also been proven that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher in patients with COPD than in the general population [6][7][8][9] In a study conducted by Watz H et-al on chronic bronchitis and COPD patients, it was reported that half of the patients included had metabolic syndrome irrespective of disease stage and severity. Besides, an association with markers of systemic inflammation, particularly the pro-inflammatory cytokines namely; Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL-6) Creactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen was demonstrated.…”

“…Several studies from different parts of the world have shown a prevalence of metabolic syndrome and COPD patients. [6][7][8][9] In a study conducted by, Watz H et al on COPD patients states that metabolic syndrome was found in almost half of the patients having COPD irrespective of disease stage and was associated with markers of systemic inflammation, particularly the pro inflammatory cytokines Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6) C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. 6 An epidemiological study conducted in China in 2010 shows strong association between metabolic syndrome and COPD.…”

Effect of Implementation of Teaching Modules about Physiological and Psychological Parameters on Expected Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

“…This finding goes in the same line with Hai-qin et al, (2009) [27] who found that pulmonary rehabilitation has positive effects on the quality of life among patients with COPD. Respiratory exercises are a part of the pulmonary rehabilitation program aiming at improvement and control of the disease symptoms, especially dyspnea, [43]. Bavarsad et al, (2015) [44] stated that there was no difference in dyspnea between the two groups before training; following the training period, there was statistically significant decrease in dyspnea in the study group.…”

A Comparative Study of Blood Leucocyte Count and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Condition in Young Adult Men

“…Bonet described a condition of "voluminous lungs" in 1679. In 1769, Giovanni Morgagni described 19 cases where the lungs were "turgid" particularly from air 9 . Mathew Baillie illustrated an emphysematous lung in 1789 and described the destructive character of the condition 9 .…”

“…In 1769, Giovanni Morgagni described 19 cases where the lungs were "turgid" particularly from air 9 . Mathew Baillie illustrated an emphysematous lung in 1789 and described the destructive character of the condition 9 . Badham used the word "catarrh" to describe the cough and mucus hypersecretion of chronic bronchitis in 1814.…”