The History of Synthetic Testosterone

Hoberman, John; Yesalis, Charles E.

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0295-76

Cited by 137 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…He reported having injected himself with the extract of dog and guinea pig testicles under the assumption that these organs had "internal secretions that acted as physiologic regulators." 8 This bold statement was confirmed with the discovery of hormones in 1905 and the isolation of testosterone in 1935. Soon thereafter in the 1950s, Russian weightlifters began to outpace American Olympians through performance-enhancing injections.…”

Section: History Of Drugs In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

2006

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Ergogenic drugs are substances that are used to enhance athletic performance. These drugs include illicit substances as well as compounds that are marketed as nutritional supplements. Many such drugs have been used widely by professional and elite athletes for several decades. However, in recent years, research indicates that younger athletes are increasingly experimenting with these drugs to improve both appearance and athletic abilities. Ergogenic drugs that are commonly used by youths today include anabolic-androgenic steroids, steroid precursors (androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone), growth hormone, creatine, and ephedra alkaloids. Reviewing the literature to date, it is clear that children are exposed to these substances at younger ages than in years past, with use starting as early as middle school. Anabolic steroids and creatine do offer potential gains in body mass and strength but risk adverse effects to multiple organ systems. Steroid precursors, growth hormone, and ephedra alkaloids have not been proven to enhance any athletic measures, whereas they do impart many risks to their users. To combat this drug abuse, there have been recent changes in the legal status of several substances, changes in the rules of youth athletics including drug testing of high school students, and educational initiatives designed for the young athlete. This article summarizes the current literature regarding these ergogenic substances and details their use, effects, risks, and legal standing.www.pediatrics.org/cgi

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Section: History Of Drugs In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

2006

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“…In this study, we chose testosterone as a potential interference in the detection of 17 β-estradiol study. The justification of selecting testosterone in this investigation was based on the similar chemical structure between 17 β-estradiol and testosterone, C 18 H 24 O 2 and C 19 H 28 O 2 respectively (40,41). Also the molecular weight between 17 β-estradiol, 272.388 g/mol and testosterone, 288.431 g/mol (40,41) were close and were useful in this interference study.…”

Section: Interference Study Of This 17 β-Estradiol Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of 17 β-estradiol in Environmental Estrogen Pollution and in Women’s Health Care Using a Single-Use, Cost Effective Biosensor Based on Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

Dai¹,

Cc²

2017

Preprint

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Environmental estrogen pollution and estrogen effects on the female reproduction system are well-recognized scientifically. Among the estrogens, 17 β-estradiol is a priority in environmental estrogen pollution, and it is also a major contributor to estrogen which regulates the female reproduction system. 17 β-estradiol is carcinogen and has a tumor promotion effect relating to breast cancer, lung cancer and others. It also affects the psychological well-being such as depression, fatigue and others. Thus, a simple method of detection of 17 β-estradiol will be important for both environmental estrogen pollution and women's health care. This study demonstrates a simple-use, cost effective 17 β-estradiol biosensor system which can be used for both environment and women's health care applications. The bio-recognition mechanism is based on the influence of the redox couple, K3Fe (CN) 6/K4Fe (CN) 6 by the interaction between 17 β-estradiol antigen and its α-receptor (ER-α; α-estrogen antibody). The transduction mechanism is an electrochemical analytical technique, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The levels of 17 β-estradiol antigen studied was between 2.25 pg/mL to 2,250 pg/mL, Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), tap water from the Cleveland regional water district, and simulate urine were used as the test media covering the potential application areas for 17 β-estradiol detection. An interference study by testosterone which has a similar chemical structure and molecular weight as those of 17 β-estradiol was carried out, and this 17 β-estradiol biosensor showed excellent specificity without any interference by similar chemicals.

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“…(12) Ultimately researchers identified that these compounds accentuated anabolic processes and enhanced muscle size, strength and power. (12) It is speculated that they found application in military settings because of their ability to augment physical performance and aggressiveness. (13) The use of such hormones increased as perceptions grew that they were capable of enhancing libido and accentuating sport performance.…”

Section: Anabolic-androgenic Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance-enhancing drugs, supplements and the athlete’s heart

Pipe

2017

SAHJ

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The use of many prohibited drugs is not restricted to the elite; such drug-taking behaviour can be seen at virtually every level of sport.(5-7) It is equally important to recognise that the use of prohibited substances is not limited to those involved in competitive activities; many young adults use a variety of drugs and other substances in attempts to enhance their physique or in the pursuit of mood-altering experiences. The use of so-called nutritional

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The History of Synthetic Testosterone

Cited by 137 publications

References 0 publications

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

Detection of 17 β-estradiol in Environmental Estrogen Pollution and in Women’s Health Care Using a Single-Use, Cost Effective Biosensor Based on Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

Performance-enhancing drugs, supplements and the athlete’s heart

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The History of Synthetic Testosterone

Cited by 137 publications

References 0 publications

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

Detection of 17 &beta;-estradiol in Environmental Estrogen Pollution and in Women&rsquo;s Health Care Using a Single-Use, Cost Effective Biosensor Based on Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

Performance-enhancing drugs, supplements and the athlete’s heart

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Detection of 17 β-estradiol in Environmental Estrogen Pollution and in Women’s Health Care Using a Single-Use, Cost Effective Biosensor Based on Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)