The Hittite Demonstratives

Anaphora and Deixis in Tiberian Hebrew: Semantically Mapping the Case for a Distance-Neutral Demonstrative

“…However, since the time of Ehlich's research, much cross-linguistic and typological study in linguistics into demonstratives has been carried out, represented particularly by the works of Diessel (1997Diessel ( , 1999Diessel ( , 2005aDiessel ( , 2005b and Himmelmann (1996Himmelmann ( , 1997. Of course, both Diessel and Himmelmann may be considered representative of a "geographical" approach to demonstrates-where classification is in line with the location of the referent-whereas Ehlich can be considered a proponent of a "cognitive" approach to demonstratives-which emphasises the cognitive motivation for the use of expression-also found in representative works like Ariel 1990;Cornish 1999;Givón 1983;Gundel, et al 1993;Lambrecht 1994; van Hoek 1997. Goedegebuure (2003 provides a good overview of the two perspectives and combines both (2003: 22-59) into an approach that integrates the information structure theory of Lambrecht (1994).…”

“…Such anaphoric demonstratives (called "tracking use" in Himmelmann 1996) interact with other means of tracking such as definite articles, third-person markers, et cetera (cf., e.g., Ariel 1990;Becher 2010;Bosch and Umbach 2007;Comrie 1997Comrie , 1998aDiessel 1999: 95-100;Gagarina 2007;Gundel, et al 1993;Himmelmann 1996;Kaiser and Trueswell 2004;Lichtenberk 1988Lichtenberk , 1996. As such, the anaphoric function in Figure 6 has been prised apart into distinct categories, following Goedegebuure (2003): "contrastive topic anaphora", "focus anaphora", and "non-topic anaphora", to which "topic anaphora" is added below in Figures 7 and 8. Topic and focus are information structure labels: "[t]he topic of a sentence is the thing which the proposition expressed by the sentence is about" (Lambrecht 1994: 118); and the focus is "[t]he semantic component of a pragmatically structured proposition whereby the assertion differs from the presupposition" (Lambrecht 1994: 231).…”

Deriving preverbal position in a verb-final language: the case of Hittite

“…6 Only identificational focus (in the terms of Kiss 1998) seems to be found in preverbal position in Hittite, see Goedegebuure (2014) for more detail and a finer-grained distinction between various subtypes of identificational focus. In what follows, we limit ourselves to the discussion of this type of focus.…”

“…( (Kiss 1998) occur in the preverbal position in Hittite (Goedegebuure 2013;Huggard 2015). Thus, Goedegebuure (2014) treats the OSV word order in ( 14) as a consequence of the preverbal placement of the constituent zik 'you', which belongs to a specific type of identificational (contrastive) focus, so-called replacing focus. 8 Following Goedegebuure (2014: 401), in this example the actual offender is replaced with another person, who might take his sin upon himself.…”