The HIV epidemic and its effect on the tuberculosis situation in the Netherlands

Deutekom, H. van; Warris-Versteegen, A.A.; Krijnen, Pieta; Postema, C. A.; Wijngaarden, J.K. van; Hoek, Janet; Coutinho, Roel A.

doi:10.1016/0962-8479(93)90004-h

“…[2,3] Nickel-mischmetal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries are well established systems that consist of a Ni-M alloy and Nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH) separated by an alkaline electrolyte which provides ionic conductivity. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] During charging, the positive electrode nickel hydroxide Ni(OH) 2 is oxidized with OHions to NiOOH, water and an electron. The electron travels through an external circuit to the negative Ni-M electrode where reduction takes place to form the metal hydride MNi 5 H 6 (Ni-MH) and the OHions are regenerated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Transport and Evolution in Ni‐MH Batteries by Neutron Imaging

Nikolic,

Cesarini,

Billeter

et al. 2023

Angew Chem Int Ed

3

0

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Efficiency losses due to side reactions are one of the main challenges in battery development. Despite providing valuable insights, the results of standard analysis on the individual components cannot be simply extrapolated to the full operating system. Therefore, non‐destructive, and high resolution approaches that allow the investigation of the full system are desired. Herein, we combined neutron radiography and tomography with electrical monitoring of the state of charge of commercial Ni‐mischmetal hydride batteries, to track the exchange and transport of hydrogen under operating conditions. This non‐destructive approach allowed both the quantification of the hydrogen distribution in the electrodes in 4D, and the distinction between the electrochemically exchanged hydrogen and the hydrogen gas pressure generated by side reactions, as a function of the applied potential and current. One of the most counter‐intuitive observation is that the generation of hydrogen gas during discharge depends on the charging state of the battery. The results presented provide critical new insights in the mechanisms governing the electrochemical processes during Nimischmetal hydride battery operation, and also pave the way for the extrapolation of this approach to the investigation of state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ions batteries.

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“…[2,3] Nickel-Mischmetallhydrid (Ni-MH)-Batterien sind bewährte Systeme, die aus einer Ni-Metall-Legierung und Nickeloxidhydroxid (NiOOH) bestehen, die durch einen alkalischen Elektrolyten getrennt sind, der für die Ionenleitfähigkeit sorgt. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Während des Ladens der Batterie wird die positive Elektrode Nickelhydroxid Ni(OH) 2 mit OH À Ionen zu NiOOH, Wasser und einem Elektron oxidiert. Das Elektron wandert durch einen externen Stromkreis zur negativen Ni-M-Elektrode, wo die Reduktion stattfindet und das Metallhydrid MischNi 5 H 6 (Ni-MH) entsteht und die OH À Ionen wieder gebildet werden.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Neutronen machen Wasserstofftransport und Gasbildung in Ni‐Metallhydrid‐Batterien sichtbar

Nikolic,

Cesarini,

Billeter

et al. 2023

Angewandte Chemie

0

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Efficiency losses due to side reactions are one of the main challenges in battery development. Despite providing valuable insights, the results of standard analysis on the individual components cannot be simply extrapolated to the full operating system. Therefore, non‐destructive, and high resolution approaches that allow the investigation of the full system are desired. Herein, we combined neutron radiography and tomography with electrical monitoring of the state of charge of commercial Ni‐mischmetal hydride batteries, to track the exchange and transport of hydrogen under operating conditions. This non‐destructive approach allowed both the quantification of the hydrogen distribution in the electrodes in 4D, and the distinction between the electrochemically exchanged hydrogen and the hydrogen gas pressure generated by side reactions, as a function of the applied potential and current. One of the most counter‐intuitive observation is that the generation of hydrogen gas during discharge depends on the charging state of the battery. The results presented provide critical new insights in the mechanisms governing the electrochemical processes during Nimischmetal hydride battery operation, and also pave the way for the extrapolation of this approach to the investigation of state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ions batteries.

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“…An increase of tuberculosis among relatively young individuals such as injecting drug users (IDU) who often have active social lives may have serious public health consequences and lead to the spread of tuberculosis infection in the environment. Therefore, HIV infected persons and persons at risk for HIV infection should be closely monitored for TB even in a country where the prevalence of tuberculosis is low [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced tuberculosis case detection among substitution treatment patients: a randomized controlled trial

Loit

¹

,

Sepp²,

Kliiman

³

et al. 2011

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BackgroundHistorically, HIV, TB (tuberculosis) and illegal drug treatment services in Estonia have been developed as vertical structures. Related health care services are often provided by different health care institutions and in different locations. This may present obstacles for vulnerable groups, such as injecting drug users (IDU), to access the needed services. We conducted a small scale randomized controlled trial to evaluate a case management intervention aimed at increasing TB screening and treatment entry among IDUs referred from a methadone drug treatment program in Jõhvi, North-Eastern Estonia.FindingsOf the 189 potential subjects, 112 (59%) participated. HIV prevalence was 86% (n = 96) and 7.4% (n = 8) of participants were interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) positive (6.5% were both HIV and IGRA-positive, n = 7). Overall, 44% of participants (n = 49) attended TB clinic, 17 (30%) from control group and 32 (57%) from case management group (p = 0.004). None of the participants were diagnosed with TB. In a multivariate model, those randomized to case management group were more likely to access TB screening services.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the urgent need for scaling up TB screening among IDUs and the value of more active approach in referring substitution treatment patients to TB services.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01290081

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The HIV epidemic and its effect on the tuberculosis situation in the Netherlands

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Hydrogen Transport and Evolution in Ni‐MH Batteries by Neutron Imaging

Hydrogen Transport and Evolution in Ni‐MH Batteries by Neutron Imaging

Neutronen machen Wasserstofftransport und Gasbildung in Ni‐Metallhydrid‐Batterien sichtbar

Enhanced tuberculosis case detection among substitution treatment patients: a randomized controlled trial

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