The HLA polymorphsm of two distinctive South‐American Indian tribes: The Kaingang and the Guarani

Abstract

The HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ antigens of 240 Kaingang and 98 Guarani individuals have been characterized. The most frequent antigens found among the Kaingang are A31, 2, 24; B35, 51, 39, 48; Cw4, 7, 3, 1; DR8, 4, 2; DQ blank, 3. In the Guarani, they are A2, 28, 31; B40, 62, "53G"; Cw3, 4; DR2, 4, 8, 6; DQ3, blank. B " 53G" is an unusual antigen of the B5 cross-reactive group. DQ blank possibly corresponds to DQ4, not tested in this study. The reaction patterns of B35, B40 and DR4 indicate intra-tribal (of B35 and B40), and inter-tribal (DR4, B40 and B35) heterogeneity of these antigens. 408 Kaingang and 141 Guarani haplotypes were defined by segregation analysis. Of the commonest 10 Guarani and 9 Kaingang haplotypes, only one is shared by both tribes. Significant, positive linkage disequilibrium values for HLA-A,B; HLA-A,C; HLA-B,DR and most HLA-B,C antigen pairs were also different for the two populations. Genetic distance estimates between these two and another seven South-American Indian populations, and relative to the major human races (negroids, caucasoids, and mongoloids) reveal a comparatively high degree of divergence between the Kaingang and the Guarani, which is uncommon for Amerindian populations living close one to another.

KIR Gene Content in Amerindians Indicates Influence of Demographic Factors

“…GND are from Amambai and Porto Lindo (23°48′S, 54°30′W; 1,600 people) in southern Mato Grosso do Sul state, central Brazil. More information about these populations can be found in Petzl-Erler et al (1993) [44] and Tsuneto et al (2003) [45]. The study was part of a protocol of population genetics of Amerindian groups [45] approved by the Brazilian National Ethics Committee (CONEP) under number 2046/2001.…”

Analysis of the CCR5 gene coding region diversity in five South American populations reveals two new non-synonymous alleles in Amerindians and high CCR5*D32 frequency in Euro-Brazilians

“…For the non-Mennonite Euro-Brazilians, the African and Amerindian components are approximately 9% and 5%, respectively (Braun-Prado et al , 2000; Probst CM, MSc Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 2000; Probst et al , 2000). The average admixture values of the Guarani and Kaingang with the immigrants from Europe and Africa were estimated to be 4% and 7%, respectively (Petzl-Erler et al , 1993; Probst CM, MSc Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 2000; Tsuneto et al , 2003). The gene flow between these two Amerindian groups is also low, being approximately 1.4% in Guarani and 0.5% in Kaingang (Petzl-Erler et al , 1993).…”

“…The average admixture values of the Guarani and Kaingang with the immigrants from Europe and Africa were estimated to be 4% and 7%, respectively (Petzl-Erler et al , 1993; Probst CM, MSc Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 2000; Tsuneto et al , 2003). The gene flow between these two Amerindian groups is also low, being approximately 1.4% in Guarani and 0.5% in Kaingang (Petzl-Erler et al , 1993). …”

The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans

“…2A). Because modern HLA haplotypes diversify rapidly by recombination (17–19) it is improbable that the HLA-A-C haplotypes shared by modern humans and Denisovans were preserved on both lines since modern and Denisovan ancestors separated >250kya (~10,000 generations (4)). More likely is that modern humans acquired these haplotypes by recent introgression from Denisovans (note II.6 (11)).…”