The Hofstadgroup Revisited: Questioning its Status as a “Quintessential” Homegrown Jihadist Network

Schuurman, Bart; Eijkman, Quirine; Bakker, Edwin

doi:10.1080/09546553.2013.873719

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Some respondents also indicated that if the conversation could not be processed anonymously, they would not be able to take part because they were not authorised to do so. Anonymisation is common in research on terrorism and (violent) extremism and offers the respondents the chance to speak freely about policy, give critical opinions and elucidate their own visions (Schuurman & Eijkman, 2013;Schuurman et al, 2015;Silke, 2001). Thus, instead of names, the respondents have been given numbers.…”

Section: Methods and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12-13;Brown & Saeed, 2015;Cragin, 2014;Schmidt, 2013;Schuurman & Eijkman, 2013). Also terrorism experts have not been able to specify with any certainty when people form a threat to society (Dalgaard-Nielsen, 2010;Horgan, 2010;Koehler, 2016;Mastroe & Szmania, 2016;Neumann, 2013;Schmidt, 2013;Schuurman, 2017;Schuurman, Eijkman, & Bakker, 2015). Especially when there is no clear evidence of preparation for an attack or incitement to hatred, evaluating the risk an individual poses is a matter of subjective judgment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism: a youth worker's perspective

Weert

Eijkman

2018

Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression

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This article explores the challenges local youth workers face at the intersection of providing social care and detecting violent extremism. Extremism and other radical ideologies are often assumed to be a harbinger of terrorism. Even though both are still a rare phenomenon among adolescents, European states have become highly concerned with being alert to early signs of radicalisation processes. As a result, youth workers as well as other local professionals have been confronted with the task of detecting these early signs. However, despite training and increased knowledge, the question remains whether youth workers are sufficiently equipped to assess potential risks in youth who show no concrete plans for criminal action. In these cases, prevention targets ideas rather than violent behaviour. This article details qualitative results of a case study among Dutch youth workers and suggests that no clear framework exists for detection of radicalisation processes into (violent) extremism. This has two main causes. Firstly, the concepts of radicalisation and (violent) extremism are in practice difficult to distinguish. Secondly, the youth worker's judgement often relies more on individual perceptions rather than evidence-based criteria to identify potential 'risky' persons. This situation may lead to undesired side effects such as executive arbitrariness, prejudice or stigmatisation. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Methods and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism: a youth worker's perspective

Weert

Eijkman

2018

Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression

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“…There is a considerable number of European Muslim youth travelling to Syria to join Muslim Jihadist fighters; these young Muslims are coming from all countries throughout Europe, including the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK, France, and Switzerland (Foner ; NCTV 2013; Van Bergen, Feddes, Doosje and Pels ). In addition to the problem of ‘foreign fighters’, there has been a growing concern about homegrown jihadists who primarily commit terrorist attacks in European countries (Klausen, Libretti, Hung and Jayasumana ; Levin ; Schuurman, Eijkman and Bakker ; Wilner and Dubouloz ). In fact, a recent report shows that ‘ Jihadist attacks are committed primarily by homegrown terrorists, radicalized in their country of residence without having travelled to join a terrorist group abroad’ (EUALEC : 5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of Western governments’ hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education

Hekmatpour

Burns

2019

British Journal of Sociology

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Perception of Western governments’ hostility to Islam is one of the indicating features of Islamic fundamentalism and, in some cases, is serving as a pull to join extremist groups. In this paper, using data from two waves of a cross‐national survey, we investigate what affects European Muslims’ opinions about Western governments. We find that residential segregation is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam. Further, we find that Muslims living in segregated neighbourhoods and enclaves have a higher probability of believing that Western governments are hostile to Islam. National origins of Muslim immigrants have a significant impact, with people from African countries measuring less perceived hostility than others. We also find that education is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam in a non‐linear way. People with the highest and lowest levels of education tend to be less likely to believe that Western governments are hostile to Islam, relative to people with mid‐level education. This non‐linear effect is best explained by education’s differential effects on perceptions of key world events. During the time between 2011 – before ISIS’s announcement of its Caliphate in Iraq and Syria – and 2013, subsequent to that announcement, we see a sharp decrease in perception of Western governments’ hostility to Islam, particularly among more educated European Muslims. We make the case that this decrease can be attributed, in some ways, to the emergence of ISIS. We discuss our findings in terms of theoretical and policy implications.

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“…Mohammed Bouyeri is a case in point; his murder of Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh in 2004 appears to have been planned, prepared and executed by him alone, yet Bouyeri was also a participant in the home-grown jihadist Hofstadgroup (Schuurman, Eijkman, & Bakker, 2015). Finally, those within the Embedded-Supported subcategory are on the margins of the phenomenon of lone-actor terrorism, overlapping significantly with broader research on collective or group-based terrorism.…”

Section: Theory: Lone-actor Terrorist Radicalization and Pre-attack Behmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radicalization patterns and modes of attack planning and preparation among lone-actor terrorists: an exploratory analysis

Lindekilde

O’Connor

Schuurman

2017

Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression

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This article explores the link between radicalization patterns and modes of attack planning and preparation among lone-actor terrorists. Building on theorized patterns of lone-actor radicalization, we discuss and compare their modes of pre-attack behavior, including target and weapon choice, observance of operational security measures, likeliness of engaging in leakage behavior, and the overall amount of time devoted to these activities. This exploratory study builds upon a dataset of thirtythree lone-actor terrorist cases in North-America and Europe between 1986 and 2015. The analysis suggests that specific patterns of radicalization are linked to systematic differences in modes of attack planning and preparation. The results provide insights into the heterogeneity of terrorist involvement and tentatively suggest the potential importance for law-enforcement agencies in using case-specific knowledge on radicalization patterns to inform forecasts of likely pre-attack behaviors.ARTICLE HISTORY

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The Hofstadgroup Revisited: Questioning its Status as a “Quintessential” Homegrown Jihadist Network

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism: a youth worker's perspective

Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism: a youth worker's perspective

Perception of Western governments’ hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education

Radicalization patterns and modes of attack planning and preparation among lone-actor terrorists: an exploratory analysis

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