The holy grail of pyrene-based surface ligands on the sensitivity of graphene-based field effect transistors

Abstract

Graphene has witnessed intensive research interest due to its remarkabe charge mobility and the efforts in the use of graphene-based field effect transistors (GFET) for sensing of biological biomarkers is...

Catch and release strategy of matrix metalloprotease aptamers via thiol–disulfide exchange reaction on a graphene based electrochemical sensor

“…The intensity ratios I 2D /I G = 2.04 ± 0.07 and I D /I G = 0.35 indicate high-quality graphene monolayer of low disorder. 3 These…”

“…Although traditionally pyrene anchors such as pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PBASE) or 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) have been widely used, other derivatives such as pyrene-maleimide has been lately shown to outperform them. 3 While activated esters such as PBASE can undergo facile hydrolysis during their reaction with amine-containing functional ligands, the pyrene-maleimide based linker provides an excellent alternative. The modification of graphene nanosheets with pyrene-maleimide based linkers allows rapid post-functionalization of the graphene interface with thiolated ligands in good yields.…”

“…12 It has been demonstrated that aptamer-functionalized graphene-based devices enable efficient biosensing. 3,[13][14][15][16] Herein, thiolated aptamers for the rapid and sensitive detection of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) will be demonstrated.…”

“…The modification of graphene nanosheets with pyrene-maleimide based linkers allows rapid post-functionalization of the graphene interface with thiolated ligands in good yields. 3 The thiol-based conjugation reactions are indeed widely employed as thiol groups in form of cysteine functions are either naturally occurring or can be easily engineered into biomolecules using routine molecular biology techniques. [4][5][6] Even though the maleimide-based conjugations are widely employed in fabrication of bioconjugated platforms, [7][8][9] including antibody-drug conjugates that are in the clinic, it is known that the highly reactive maleimide group can undergo slow hydrolysis to the non-reactive maleamic acid form in aqueous conditions, which renders it inactive towards the thiol-based conjugation.…”

State of the Art of Chemosensors in a Biomedical Context

“…A key advantage of carbon nanomaterial-based FETs like carbon nanotubes reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene is the facile functionalization strategies based often on simple π-π stacking interactions [55,56] enabling easy attachment of biorecognition elements (e.g.,: antibodies, aptamers, DNA). Highly sensitive (down to single digit fM levels) single stranded DNA detection devices based on nanowires have been developed and demonstrated [55,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63].…”