The honey bee brood test under semi-field conditions for the assessment of positive reference chemicals in Korea

Chon, Kyongmi; Lee, Hwan; Hwang, Hui Cheol; Im, Jeongtaek; Park, Kyung-Hun; Paik, Min Kyoung; Choi, Yong‐Soo

doi:10.1007/s13765-017-0312-x

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Diflubenzuron continues to be applied to California almonds during bloom, although its use has decreased in the past several years (Figure 1). Previous studies have demonstrated that diflubenzuron is of low toxicity to adult bees, yet it is capable of producing negative impacts on brood production [18,20,21,25,26,27]. The significant decrease in larval survival observed in the diflubenzuron-treated larvae in this study suggests that diflubenzuron, regardless of its tank-mix companions, does pose a risk to honey bee larvae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated the low acute toxicity of diflubenzuron to adult honey bees [18,19,20,21], though physiological effects and impaired learning have been reported [22,23,24]. Diflubenzuron has also been shown to reduce brood production in whole colonies [18,20,25,26,27] and negatively affect the survival of immature queens [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined Toxicity of Insecticides and Fungicides Applied to California Almond Orchards to Honey Bee Larvae and Adults

Wade

Lin

Kurkul

et al. 2019

Insects

120

102

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Beekeepers providing pollination services for California almond orchards have reported observing dead or malformed brood during and immediately after almond bloom—effects that they attribute to pesticide exposure. The objective of this study was to test commonly used insecticides and fungicides during almond bloom on honey bee larval development in a laboratory bioassay. In vitro rearing of worker honey bee larvae was performed to test the effect of three insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, diflubenzuron, and methoxyfenozide) and three fungicides (propiconazole, iprodione, and a mixture of boscalid-pyraclostrobin), applied alone or in insecticide-fungicide combinations, on larval development. Young worker larvae were fed diets contaminated with active ingredients at concentration ratios simulating a tank-mix at the maximum label rate. Overall, larvae receiving insecticide and insecticide-fungicide combinations were less likely to survive to adulthood when compared to the control or fungicide-only treatments. The insecticide chlorantraniliprole increased larval mortality when combined with the fungicides propiconazole or iprodione, but not alone; the chlorantraniliprole-propiconazole combination was also found to be highly toxic to adult workers treated topically. Diflubenzuron generally increased larval mortality, but no synergistic effect was observed when combined with fungicides. Neither methoxyfenozide nor any methoxyfenozide-fungicide combination increased mortality. Exposure to insecticides applied during almond bloom has the potential to harm honey bees and this effect may, in certain instances, be more damaging when insecticides are applied in combination with fungicides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Toxicity of Insecticides and Fungicides Applied to California Almond Orchards to Honey Bee Larvae and Adults

Wade

Lin

Kurkul

et al. 2019

Insects

120

102

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“…The semi-field test was performed to assess the effect of carbaryl wettable powder (WP) 50%, Detailed experimental conditions were maintained as described previously [4]. The experiment consisted of three treatment groups (negative control without pesticide exposure, positive control treated with diflubenzuron WP, and the experiment treated with carbaryl WP), with each group in three replicate tunnels.…”

Section: Exposure Of Honey Bees To Pesticide Under Semi-field Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One-third of the crops for food consumption rely on bee pollination. A rough estimation of their contribution to the economy worldwide is more than $200 billion [4,5]. In recent years, there has been a decline in the population of both feral and managed bees [1,2,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of transient exposure to carbaryl wettable powder on the gut microbial community of honey bees

et al. 2019

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Bees are important pollinators in agriculture. The bee population has recently begun to decline possibly due to pesticides. The bee gut microbiota strongly influences the health of bees. The gut microbiota of bees is composed of distinct members belonging to selective taxa. Chemicals like pesticides can alter the gut microbiota. The present study investigated the effect of carbaryl pesticides on gut microbiota of honey bees, which had come in contact with rapeseed plants (Brassica napus) sprayed with carbaryl wettable powder during the honey bee brood test under semifield condition. Molecular techniques (conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), clone library method, and DNA sequencing) were employed to analyze changes in the microbial communities between the pesticide-exposed and unexposed bees. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes of the clones from both groups, showed differences in their respective compositions of core and non-core bacteria. Both groups contained carbohydratedegrading bacteria such as Gilliamella apicola and Lactobacillus. However, the unexposed bees harbored Alphaproteobacteria, which were absent in the exposed bees. Microorganisms found in honey bee guts such as Snodgrassella alvi and L. kullabergensis, however, were observed only in the exposed bees, but not in the unexposed bees. The difference between the two groups was distinctly recognized when copy numbers of 16S rRNA genes were compared by quantitative PCR. Results showed that the average gene copy number for the unexposed bees was higher than that for the exposed bees. This may indicate the toxic effect of pesticides on bees and gut microbiota. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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“…Previous studies showed that methoxyfenozide has low intrinsic toxicity to bees (Mommaerts et al, 2006; Y. C. Zhu et al, 2015); however, applications of methoxyfenozide at field‐relevant concentrations decreased worker survival over a 10‐day period (Fisher et al, 2018). Diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L) has also shown low toxicity to adult bees (Barker & Taber, 1977; Emmett & Archer, 1980; Tasei, 2001), but adverse effects in larval and developing queens have been observed (Chon et al, 2017; Johnson & Percel, 2013; Thompson et al, 2005). Diflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator and affects insect molting by inhibition of chitin synthesis (Matsumura, 2010; Sparks & Nauen, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity of Fungicide–Insecticide–Adjuvant Combinations Applied to Almonds During Bloom on Adult Honey Bees

Walker

Brock

Arvidson

2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Beekeepers report significant honey bee deaths during and after almond bloom. These losses pose a major problem for the California almond industry because of its dependence on honey bees as pollinators. The present study aimed to determine if combinations of pesticides applied during almond bloom during daylight hours were a possible explanation for these losses. In this study we aimed to mimic the spray application route of exposure to pesticides using a Potter Spray Tower to treat adult honey bees with commonly encountered pesticides and pesticide combinations at multiples of the maximum recommended field application rates. Tested insecticides included Altacor® and Intrepid®, and tested fungicides included Tilt®, Pristine®, Luna Sensation®, and Vangard®. Synergistic toxicity was observed when the fungicide Tilt (active ingredient propiconazole) was applied with the insecticide Altacor (chlorantraniliprole), though neither caused significant mortality when applied independently. The study also looked at the effect of adding a spray adjuvant, Dyne‐Amic®, to pesticide mixtures. Dyne‐Amic was toxic to honey bees at concentrations above the maximum recommended field application rate, and toxicity was increased when combined with the fungicide Pristine (pyraclostrobin and boscalid). Addition of Dyne‐Amic also increased toxicity of the Tilt and Altacor combination. These results suggest that application of Altacor and Tilt in combination with an adjuvant at the recommended field application rates could cause mortality in adult honey bees. These findings highlight a potential explanation for honey bee losses around almond bloom, emphasize that the safety of spray adjuvants to bees should not be assumed, and provide support for recommendations to protect bees from pesticides through application at night when bees are not foraging. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1042–1053. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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The honey bee brood test under semi-field conditions for the assessment of positive reference chemicals in Korea

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Combined Toxicity of Insecticides and Fungicides Applied to California Almond Orchards to Honey Bee Larvae and Adults

Combined Toxicity of Insecticides and Fungicides Applied to California Almond Orchards to Honey Bee Larvae and Adults

Effect of transient exposure to carbaryl wettable powder on the gut microbial community of honey bees

Acute Toxicity of Fungicide–Insecticide–Adjuvant Combinations Applied to Almonds During Bloom on Adult Honey Bees

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