The Hormonal Control of Body Sodium

Slater, J. D. H.

doi:10.1136/pgmj.40.466.479

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 79 publications

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“…The small magnitude of sodium variations is not surprising, as sodium is the primary determinant of osmolarity, and its concentration is strictly regulated by several hormones. 28 On the contrary, moving from acute to chronic hypercapnia, the chloride decrease became more remarkable, reaching variations up to 20 mM (fig. 3B).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Combining the Physical–Chemical Approach with Standard Base Excess to Understand the Compensation of Respiratory Acid–Base Derangements: An Individual Participant Meta-analysis Approach to Data from Multiple Canine and Human Experiments

Zadek,

Danieli,

Brusatori

et al. 2023

Anesthesiology

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Background. Several studies explored the interdependence between PaCO2 and bicarbonate during respiratory acid-base derangements. We aimed to reframe the bicarbonate adaptation to respiratory disorders according to the physical-chemical approach, hypothesizing that (i) bicarbonate concentration during respiratory derangements is associated with strong ion difference; (ii) during acute respiratory disorders, strong ion difference changes are not associated with standard base excess. Methods. This is an individual participant data meta-analysis from multiple canine and human experiments published up to April 29, 2021. Studies testing the effect of acute or chronic respiratory derangements and reporting the variations of PaCO2, bicarbonate, and electrolytes were analyzed. Strong ion difference and standard base excess were calculated. Results. Eleven studies were included. PaCO2 ranged between 21 and 142 mmHg, while bicarbonate and strong ion difference ranged between 12.3 and 43.8 mmol/L, and 32.6 and 60.0 mEq/L, respectively. Bicarbonate changes were linearly associated with the strong ion difference variation in acute and chronic respiratory derangement (β-coefficient 1.2, 95%-CI 1.2 to 1.3, p<0.001). In the acute setting, sodium variations justified approximately 80% of strong ion difference change, while a similar percentage of chloride variation was responsible for chronic adaptations. In the acute setting, strong ion difference variation was not associated with standard base excess changes (β-coefficient -0.02, 95%-CI -0.11 to 0.07, p=0.719), while a positive linear association was present in chronic studies (β-coefficient 1.04, 95%-CI 0.84 to 1.24, p<0.001). Conclusions. The bicarbonate adaptation that follows primary respiratory alterations is associated with variations of strong ion difference. In the acute phase, the variation in strong ion difference is mainly due to sodium variations and is not paralleled by modifications of standard base excess. In the chronic setting, strong ion difference changes are due to chloride variations and are mirrored by standard base excess.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Combining the Physical–Chemical Approach with Standard Base Excess to Understand the Compensation of Respiratory Acid–Base Derangements: An Individual Participant Meta-analysis Approach to Data from Multiple Canine and Human Experiments

Zadek,

Danieli,

Brusatori

et al. 2023

Anesthesiology

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Sodium and Potassium Relating to Parkinson’s Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury

Jeong

Kim

et al. 2016

The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life

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Alkali metals, especially sodium and potassium, are plentiful and vital in biological systems. They take on important roles in health and disease. Such roles include the regulation of homeostasis, osmosis, blood pressure, electrolytic equilibria, and electric current. However, there is a limit to our present understanding; the ions have a great ability and capacity for action in health and disease, much greater than our current understanding. For the regulation of physiological homeostasis, there is a crucial regulator (renin-angiotensin system, RAS), found at both peripheral and central levels. Misregulation of the Na(+)-K(+) pump, and sodium channels in RAS are important for the understanding of disease progression, hypertension, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, etc. In particular, RAS displays direct or indirect interaction important to Parkinson's disease (PD). In this chapter, the relationship between the regulation of sodium/potassium concentration and PD was sought. In addition, some recent biochemical and clinical findings are also discussed that help describe sodium and potassium in the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is caused from the heavy striking of the head; this strongly affects ion flux in the affected tissue (brain) and damages cellular regulation systems. Thus, inappropriate concentrations of ions (hyper- and hyponatremia, and hyper- and hypokalemia) will perturb homeostasis giving rise to important and far reaching effects. These changes also impact osmotic pressure and the concentration of other metal ions, such as the calcium(II) ion.

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Physiologie und Pathologie des Renin/Angiotensin-Systems

Gross¹

1968

Nierenkrankheiten

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The Hormonal Control of Body Sodium

Cited by 6 publications

References 79 publications

Combining the Physical–Chemical Approach with Standard Base Excess to Understand the Compensation of Respiratory Acid–Base Derangements: An Individual Participant Meta-analysis Approach to Data from Multiple Canine and Human Experiments

Combining the Physical–Chemical Approach with Standard Base Excess to Understand the Compensation of Respiratory Acid–Base Derangements: An Individual Participant Meta-analysis Approach to Data from Multiple Canine and Human Experiments

Sodium and Potassium Relating to Parkinson’s Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury

Physiologie und Pathologie des Renin/Angiotensin-Systems

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