The Host‐associations of the lice of mammals

Hopkins, G. H. E.

doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1949.tb00888.x

Cited by 151 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 210 publications

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“…The booklouse, L. bostrychophila , is mainly an inhabitant of households and a major pest to stored grains world-wide; moreover, there are many records of various species of booklice in the plumage of birds and the pelage of mammals, as well as in their nests [62], [63]. This association is believed to be a short-term commensal (non-parasitic) relationship, which may have given rise to a parasitic and permanent association [64]. All parasitic lice (Phthiraptera) feed on the skin, skin debris or blood of their vertebrate hosts and spend their entire life cycle on the body of the host [12].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus (Psocoptera: Psocomorpha): Contrasting Rates in Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangement between Major Lineages of Psocodea

Shao

Song

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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The superorder Psocodea has ∼10,000 described species in two orders: Psocoptera (barklice and booklice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice). One booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila and six species of parasitic lice have been sequenced for complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes; these seven species have the most rearranged mt genomes seen in insects. The mt genome of a barklouse, lepidopsocid sp., has also been sequenced and is much less rearranged than those of the booklouse and the parasitic lice. To further understand mt gene rearrangements in the Psocodea, we sequenced the mt genomes of two barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus, the first representatives from the suborder Psocomorpha, which is the most species-rich suborder of the Psocodea. We found that these two barklice have the least rearranged mt genomes seen in the Psocodea to date: a protein-coding gene (nad3) and five tRNAs (trnN, trnS1, trnE, trnM and trnC) have translocated. Rearrangements of mt genes in these two barklice can be accounted for by two events of tandem duplication followed by random deletions. Phylogenetic analyses of the mt genome sequences support the view that Psocoptera is paraphyletic whereas Phthiraptera is monophyletic. The booklouse, L. bostrychophila (suborder Troctomorpha) is most closely related to the parasitic lice. The barklice (suborders Trogiomorpha and Psocomorpha) are closely related and form a monophyletic group. We conclude that mt gene rearrangement has been substantially faster in the lineage leading to the booklice and the parasitic lice than in the lineage leading to the barklice. Lifestyle change appears to be associated with the contrasting rates in mt gene rearrangements between the two lineages of the Psocodea.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus (Psocoptera: Psocomorpha): Contrasting Rates in Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangement between Major Lineages of Psocodea

Shao

Song

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…on BTD is a continuing question. In general, the successful transfer of mammal lice from their typical host to an atypical host is a rare occurrence (Hopkins 1949, Durden 2001), but when it happens, the health consequences can be serious for the new host (Brunetti and Cribbs 1971, Foreyt et al 1986, Bildfell et al 2004). Among the many barriers preventing lice from heterospeciÞc host infestations, two notable ones are at the forefront, as follows: opportunity and critical numbers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(Note: a pair of sucking lice [Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae], also present in one of the sika deer samples, also was misidentiÞed at NVSL and in Corn et al [1990] as an endemic American parasite of deer, Solenopotes ferrisi [Fahrenholz]; upon reassessment of the still extant lice, they are, in fact, Solenopotes sp. near burmeisteri [Fahrenholz], an exotic Old World parasite known previously from sika deer [Hopkins 1949]. ) According to Corn et al (1990), 25 of 41 chital and 10 of 41 fallow deer examined in 1988 and 1989 from Kerr County also were infested with chewing lice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tibialis seemed never to be very numerous on their typical hosts when we digested the hides and examined the residues (Table 1), even during the cooler months of the year, when louse populations usually peak. The digestive alkali treatment of hides and hair or feathers from dead mammals or birds is a standard and convenient method for making a total parasite count on individual hosts (Hopkins 1949). As an alternative to the impractical prospect of tediously plucking each hair or feather one at a time from the entire host skin and removing any lice attached to it for a total count, digestion is the equivalent of burning down a haystack to discover its hidden needles (Clayton and Drown 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bovicola tibialis(Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae): Occurrence of an Exotic Chewing Louse on Cervids in North America: Table 1.

Mertins¹,

Mortenson²,

Bernatowicz³

et al. 2011

J Med Entomol

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Through a recent (2003-2007) survey of ectoparasites on hoofed mammals in western North America, a literature review, and examination of archived museum specimens, we found that the exotic deer-chewing louse, Bovicola tibialis (Piaget), is a long-term, widespread resident in the region. The earliest known collection was from Salt Spring Island, Canada, in 1941. We found these lice on the typical host, that is, introduced European fallow deer (Dama dama L.), and on Asian chital (Axis axis [Erxleben] ), native Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus [Richardson] ), and Rocky Mountain mule deer (O. h. hemionus [Rafinesque]) x black-tailed deer hybrids. Chital and the hybrid deer are new host records. All identified hosts were known to be or probably were exposed to fallow deer. Geographic records include southwestern British Columbia, Canada; Marin and Mendocino Counties, California; Deschutes, Lincoln, and Linn Counties, Oregon; Yakima and Kittitas Counties, Washington; Curry County, New Mexico; and circumstantially, at least, Kerr County, Texas. All but the Canadian and Mendocino County records are new. Bovicola tibialis displays a number of noteworthy similarities to another exotic deer-chewing louse already established in the region, that is, Damalinia (Cervicola) sp., which is associated with a severe hair-loss syndrome in black-tailed deer. We discuss longstanding problems with proper identification of B. tibialis, the probability that it occurs even more widely in the United States, and the prospects for it to cause health problems for North American deer. Additional information gathered since our active survey establishes further new distribution and host records for B. tibialis.

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“…The first application was described by Hopkins (1949), and then it was modified by Cook (1954). The basic technique consists of skin digestion by trypsin and the dissolution of the skin and the hair by KOH.…”

Section: Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide Digestion Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction: the lost realm of the neglected parasite

et al. 2009

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Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction forms the cornerstone for studies on Sarcoptes scabiei. Whilst the new science era took a shy leap into the different facets of mite studies, the cornerstone was almost entirely neglected. Mite collection, cleaning, storage and DNA extraction were, basically, humble attempts to extrapolate, adapt, modify or 'pirate' those existing methods to the peculiarities of Sarcoptes research. These aspects usually constituted few lines, bashfully mentioned, in the materials and methods section of some papers, which arose in unique problems concerning cost-effectiveness, time profitability, safety and even worse, the credibility of the results, creating contradictory conclusions in some cases. This 'noisy' situation encouraged us to collect, classify and review, for the first time to our knowledge, some aspects relating to studies on Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction, which will be useful for further studies on Sarcoptes, and have implications for the effective control of the diseases Sarcoptes mite causes. Further studies are needed, especially to compare the profitability, safety, sensibility and specificity of the different methods of this neglected realm of the ubiquitous ectoparasite.

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The Host‐associations of the lice of mammals

Cited by 151 publications

References 210 publications

Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus (Psocoptera: Psocomorpha): Contrasting Rates in Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangement between Major Lineages of Psocodea

Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Barklice, Psococerastis albimaculata and Longivalvus hyalospilus (Psocoptera: Psocomorpha): Contrasting Rates in Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangement between Major Lineages of Psocodea

Bovicola tibialis(Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae): Occurrence of an Exotic Chewing Louse on Cervids in North America: Table 1.

Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction: the lost realm of the neglected parasite

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