The how and why of exocytic vesicles

Greenwalt, Tibor J.

doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00692.x

Cited by 183 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(259 reference statements)

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“…However, our data suggest that these structures would only represent a small proportion of sMHC in blood. Maturing reticulocytes have been shown to produce exosomes or microvesicles in vitro and storage of blood products leads to the release of microvesicles, though this may depend on the choice of anticoagulant used (see [10] for recent review).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulating, soluble forms of major histocompatability complex antigens are not exosome‐associated

et al. 2006

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In vitro studies have shown that soluble MHC (sMHC) released by cell lines is bound to nano-vesicles termed exosomes. It is thought that exosomes may represent the major reservoir of sMHC class I and II molecules in biological fluids. However, most studies have been confined to in vitro assays performed with cell lines. We show here that sMHC in the serum or plasma differs from exosome-bound sMHC in five ways: In contrast to exosome-associated sMHC, circulating sMHC is of low density, has a low apparent molecular mass (40-300 kDa) and is not detergent-labile. Moreover, the majority of MHC class II isoforms and MHC class I in blood are not physically linked and circulating HLA-DR is accessible to an antibody specific for the HLA-DR a-chain intracellular epitope, which is masked by its association with cellular or exosomal membranes. Finally, utilizing transcriptional activator of murine MHC class II (C2ta) promotermutant mice, we showed that the release of sMHC class II into the circulation is dependent on the C2ta pI promoter, but not pIII or pIV. This suggests that myeloid dendritic cells and/or macrophages, which preferentially use promoter pI of the C2ta gene, produce most of the sMHC class II found in the circulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exosome release appears to be a consequence of normal cellular programs such as differentiation and antigen processing [8][9][10][11]. It has been reported that exosomes secreted by APC contain large amounts of MHC class I (MHC-I) and II (MHC-II) molecules, as well as detectable levels of certain costimulatory molecules [8,9,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating, soluble forms of major histocompatability complex antigens are not exosome‐associated

et al. 2006

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“…The levels of MDA decreased in controls towards the end of storage, indicative of the effective antioxidant system in the erythrocytes. The decrease in MDA can also be attributed to microvesiculation which occurs in vitro [53] In the L-carnitine groups, peaks were observed on day 5 due to increase in ROS. The decrease in MDA in the LC groups to the control levels can be attributed to the combined effect of the initial scavenging of free radicals by L-carnitine [54] and the inherent antioxidant system of the erythrocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

l-carnitine as a Potential Additive in Blood Storage Solutions: A Study on Erythrocytes

Ravikumar

Hsieh

Vani

2015

Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus

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Erythrocytes undergo various changes during storage (storage lesion) that in turn reduces their functioning and survival. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the storage lesion and antioxidants can be used to combat this stress. This study elucidates the effects of L-carnitine (LC) on erythrocytes of stored blood. Blood was obtained from male Wistar rats and stored (4°C) for 20 days in CPDA-1 (citrate phosphate dextrose adenine) solution. Samples were divided into-(i) controls (ii) LC 10 (L-carnitine at a concentration of 10 mM) (iii) LC 30 (L-carnitine at a concentration of 30 mM) and (iv) LC 60 (L-carnitine at a concentration of 60 mM). Every fifth day, the biomarkers (haemoglobin, hemolysis, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products) were analysed in erythrocytes. Hemoglobin and protein sulfhydryls were insignificant during storage indicative of the maintenance of hemoglobin and sulfhydryls in all groups. Superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels increased initially and decreased towards the end of storage. The levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were lower in experimentals than controls during storage. L-carnitine assisted the enzymes by scavenging the reactive oxygen species produced. Hemolysis increased in all groups with storage, elucidating that L-carnitine could not completely protect lipids and proteins from oxidative stress. Hence, this study opens up new avenues of using L-carnitine as a component of storage solutions with combinations of antioxidants in order to maintain efficacy of erythrocytes.

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“…Finally, microvesicles from stored red blood cells are shed in relatively greater numbers toward the end of storage when ATP concentrations are low [31]. These vesicles expose negatively charged phospholipids on their surfaces that are potentially proinflammatory and procoagulant.…”

Section: Are Stored Red Blood Cells Safe?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current issues relating to the transfusion of stored red blood cells

Zimrin¹,

2009

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The development of blood storage systems allowed donation and transfusion to be separated in time and space. This separation has permitted the regionalization of donor services with subsequent economies of scale and improvements in the quality and availability of blood products. However, the availability of storage raises the question of how long blood products can and should be stored and how long they are safe and effective. The efficacy of red blood cells was originally measured as the increment in haematocrit and safety began with typing and the effort to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. Appreciation of a growing list of storage lesions of red blood cells has developed with our increasing understanding of red blood cell physiology and our experience with red blood cell transfusion. However, other than frank haemolysis, rare episodes of bacterial contamination and overgrowth, the reduction of oxygen-carrying capacity associated with the failure of some transfused cells to circulate, and the toxicity of lysophospholipids released from membrane breakdown, storage-induced lesions have not had obvious correlations with safety or efficacy. The safety of red blood cell storage has also been approached in retrospective epidemiologic studies of transfused patients, but the results are frequently biased by the fact that sicker patients are transfused more often and blood banks do not issue blood products in a random order. Several large prospective studies of the safety of stored red blood cells are planned.

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The how and why of exocytic vesicles

Cited by 183 publications

References 149 publications

Circulating, soluble forms of major histocompatability complex antigens are not exosome‐associated

Circulating, soluble forms of major histocompatability complex antigens are not exosome‐associated

l-carnitine as a Potential Additive in Blood Storage Solutions: A Study on Erythrocytes

Current issues relating to the transfusion of stored red blood cells

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