“…Lately, this has embodied research into the implementation of HRM (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004;Nishii, Lepak, & Schneider, 2008;Ostroff & Bowen, 2016;Purcell & Hutchinson, 2007;Wright & Nishii, 2013), which entails broadly the transition process during which HRM policies and practices develop from an idea or goal, into an institutionalised, functioning organisational instrument. We have observed three main foci in the academic study of HRM implementation; even though these are not always termed as such: (i) HRM system strength (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004;Farndale & Kelliher, 2013;Sanders & Yang, 2016), (ii) intended, actual and perceived HRM (Bondarouk, Bos-Nehles, & Hesselink, 2016;Bos-Nehles, Bondarouk, & Labrenz, 2017;Khilji & Wang, 2006;Makhecha, Srinivasan, Prabhu, & Mukherji, 2016;Nishii et al, 2008;Piening, Baluch, & Ridder, 2014;Wright & Nishii, 2013), (iii) roles of line managers in implementing HRM (Bos- Nehles, Bondarouk, & Nijenhuis, 2017;Gilbert, De Winne, & Sels, 2011;Op de Beeck, Wynen, & Hondeghem, 2016;Purcell & Hutchinson, 2007;Trullen, Stirpe, Bonache, & Valverde, 2016;Vermeeren, 2014).…”