The Human Fetal Venous System

Fasouliotis, Sozos J.; Achiron, Reuven; Kivilevitch, Z.; Yagel, Simcha

doi:10.7863/jum.2002.21.10.1145

Cited by 67 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…, 30 Venous system development results in the obliteration of the right umbilical vein and the development of the ductus venosus between the left umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava (IVC) 22 …”

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This gradient is due to at least two mechanisms: Normal foetal heart contractions producing a pressure gradient between the atria and ventricles, which in turn diminishes the preload in the venous circulation and allows the blood in the umbilical vein to move towards the heart 30 Changes in abdominal and thoracic cavity pressures due to foetal breathing movements causing a pressure gradient between the umbilical vein and the ductus venosus 30 such that there is an increase in the velocity of the blood in the umbilical vein during inspiration 33 …”

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Normal foetal heart contractions producing a pressure gradient between the atria and ventricles, which in turn diminishes the preload in the venous circulation and allows the blood in the umbilical vein to move towards the heart 30 …”

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in abdominal and thoracic cavity pressures due to foetal breathing movements causing a pressure gradient between the umbilical vein and the ductus venosus 30 such that there is an increase in the velocity of the blood in the umbilical vein during inspiration 33 …”

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system

Spurway

Logan

Pak

2012

Australas J Ultrason Med

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The umbilical cord is a helical and tubular blood conduit connecting the foetus to the placenta. The umbilical cord achieves its final form by the 12th week of gestation and normally contains two arteries and a single vein, all embedded in Wharton's jelly. The structure of the umbilical cord receives only a cursory glance during many obstetric ultrasound examinations: with imaging limited to documenting the number of vessels within the cord and the insertion sites at the foetus and placenta. Extensive research into blood flow characteristics of the umbilical cord arteries has been undertaken and is now widely applied in contemporary ultrasound practice. In contrast, investigation of umbilical vein blood flow is only instigated in instances of foetal compromise when the spectral waveform of the ductus venosus and pulsations in the vein are scrutinised. The current level of ultrasound imaging of the umbilical vein demonstrates a lack of appreciation and knowledge about a structure that is crucial to sustaining foetal life.The goal of this review is to increase awareness of the importance of the umbilical cord. In addition, this review will provide an information platform for undertaking and critically analysing research into the umbilical cord by providing a summary of cord embryology, structure, foetal venous circulation and mechanisms of blood flow within the umbilical cord vein.

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Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system

Spurway

Logan

Pak

2012

Australas J Ultrason Med

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“…2a,b). Son ostium d'admission est dans la majorité des cas en face de la terminaison de la veine ombilicale [5,6].…”

Section: Rappels Anatomiquesunclassified

Apport du doppler du canal d'Arantius dans la prise en charge des retards de croissance intra-utérin d'origine vasculaire

Quarello

Nizard

Ville

2007

Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité

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Pneumomediastinum and the aortic nipple: The clinical relevance of the left superior intercostal vein

et al. 2013

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This article discusses the appearance of the "aortic nipple" in chest radiography, and reviews the embryology and anatomy of the left superior intercostal vein which causes the appearance of an "aortic nipple." This radiological sign is useful in differentiating certain thoracic pathologies, such as pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, and medial pneumothorax. Pneumomediastinum is an encompassing term describing the presence of air in the mediastinum, and may arise from a wide range of pathological conditions. Despite the well-described imaging of pneumomediastinum, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate from other conditions such as pneumopericardium and medial pneumothorax. A separate finding, "aortic nipple" is the radiographic term used to describe the lateral nipple-like projection from the aortic knob present in a small number of individuals. The aortic nipple corresponds to the end-on appearance of the left superior intercostal vein coursing around the aortic knob, and may be mistaken radiologically for lymphadenopathy or a neoplasm. Despite their relative independence, the aortic nipple is defined by new contours in cases of pneumomediastinum, taking on an "inverted aortic nipple" appearance. In this position, the inverted aortic nipple may facilitate radiographic discrimination of pneumomediastinum from similar conditions. This study aims to review the common clinical and radiographic features of both pneumomediastinum and the aortic nipple. The radiologic appearance of the aortic nipple occurring in unison with pneumomediastinum, and its potential role as a tool in the differentiation of pneumomediastinum from similarly presenting conditions will also be described.

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The Human Fetal Venous System

Cited by 67 publications

References 49 publications

The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system

The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system

Apport du doppler du canal d'Arantius dans la prise en charge des retards de croissance intra-utérin d'origine vasculaire

Pneumomediastinum and the aortic nipple: The clinical relevance of the left superior intercostal vein

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