The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Abstract

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are characterized as injuries and illnesses that affect the musculoskeletal system. MSDs affect every population worldwide and are associated with substantial global burden. Variations in the makeup of the gut microbiota may be related to chronic MSDs. There is growing interest in exploring potential connections between chronic MSDs and variations in the composition of gut microbiota. The human microbiota is a complex community consisting of viruses, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, both inside and outside of the human body. These microorganisms play crucial roles in influencing human physiology, impacting metabolic and immunological systems in health and disease. Different body areas host specific types of microorganisms, with facultative anaerobes dominating the gastrointestinal tract (able to thrive with or without oxygen), while strict aerobes prevail in the nasal cavity, respiratory tract, and skin surfaces (requiring oxygen for development). Together with the immune system, these bacteria have coevolved throughout time, forming complex biological relationships. Changes in the microbial ecology of the gut may have a big impact on health and can help illnesses develop. These changes are frequently impacted by lifestyle choices and underlying medical disorders. The potential for safety, expenses, and efficacy of microbiota-based medicines, even with occasional delivery, has attracted interest. They are, therefore, a desirable candidate for treating MSDs that are chronic and that may have variable progression patterns. As such, the following is a narrative review to address the role of the human microbiome as it relates to MSDs.

Microbiome Dynamics: A Paradigm Shift in Combatting Infectious Diseases

“…Lastly, it is important to address the impact of the microbiome on musculoskeletal health and musculoskeletal disorders. The microbiome has been implicated in influencing musculoskeletal physiology, immune responses, and musculoskeletal conditions such as arthritis and musculoskeletal infections [414][415][416][417][418]. To understand these interactions comprehensively, musculoskeletal health studies integrating host-microbe-musculoskeletal interactions are needed.…”

The Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiota to the Celiac Disease Pathogenesis along with the Effectiveness of Probiotic Therapy

“…The hopes pinned on the use of the enterotype for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases have not been confirmed at present [19][20][21]. To a greater extent, the literature discusses the existence of a philometabolic microbiota core, which includes about 80 main bacteria capable of maintaining functional homeostasis of microflora [22]. However, this hypothesis can also be criticized due to the difficulty of isolating the "microbiota core" given the large fluctuations depending on genetic characteristics, age, gender, lifestyle and environmental factors [23].…”