The Human Nasolacrimal Ducts

Is routine biopsy of the lacrimal sac wall indicated at dacryocystorhinostomy? A prospective study and literature review

“…L acrimal obstruction may be proximal (single or common canalicular obstruction), distal (sac or duct obstruction), functional, or a combination of these. 1 A diagnosis of functional obstruction is made when syringing and probing demonstrate no obstruction of the lacrimal system and yet the more physiological investigation of scintigraphy demonstrates reduced passage of radiolabelled tracer through the lacrimal system.…”

Cytologic Changes in Tears During the Late Type of Secondary Conjunctival Response Induced by Nasal Allergy

“…10-16, 19, 33, 37, 39, 42-49, 51, 56, 68 The cytologic examination of tears, as with the nasal secretions, is a relatively easy and valuable technique for evaluation of changes in the particular cell types appearing in tears during the allergic reaction. 19,22,34,35,57,59 However, this method is limited only to tears and does not allow full evaluation of the cellular changes in the mucosal membrane itself. .…”

Leukotriene Antagonist Drugs as Treatment of Allergic Conjunctivitis and Comorbidities in Children

“…An allergic reaction occurring initially in the nasal mucosa may affect the conjunctiva in different ways upon involving diverse mechanisms: (i) this reaction leads to release of mediators, cytokines and other factors, which can then penetrate to the conjunctiva through the nasolacrimal duct (McGill et al, 1998;Bielory, 2000;Sirigu et al, 2000;Paulsen, 2003;Ono & Abelson, 2005;; (ii) the released factors can also be transported to the conjunctiva by the local haematogenic ways (a. maxillaris-pars pterygopalatina,v. facialis, plexus pterygoideus) (Dua et al, 1995;Pelikan, 1996;Bielory, 2000;; (iii) allergic reactions in the nasal mucosa can stimulate the local neurogenic network and released neuropeptides may reach conjunctiva along and/or through the appropriate nerves (n. trigemini, n. nasociliaris, pterygopalatine ganglion) (Pelikan, 1995;Fujishima et al, 1997;Calonge et al, 2005;Zoukhri, 2006;Motterle et al, 2006;; and (iv) this reaction and released factors can stimulate the local nasal mucosal lymphatic system, 'nose-associated lymphatic tissue' (NALT), which is able to communicate with the lymphatic tissue of the lacrimal system, 'tear duct-associated lymphatic tissue' (TALT), 'lacrimal drainageassociated lymphoid tissue' (LDALT), 'eye-associated lymphatic tissue' (EALT) and that of the conjunctiva, called 'conjunctiva-associated lymphatic tissue' (CALT) (Pelikan, 1996;Sirigu et al, 2000;Knop & Knop, 2000;Knop & Knop, 2001, Paulsen et al, 2002Paulsen et al, 2003;Zoukhri et al, 2006;. In this way not only transmission of certain signals but also cellular traffic of various cell types, for example, T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2) and B cells (plasma cells), can also be realized (Dua et al, 1995;Pelikan, 1996;Calder et al, 1999;Bacon, 2000;Magone et al, 2000.;Pelikan, 2002;Helintö, 2004;Ono & Abelson, 2005;Baudouin et al, 2005;…”