The Human Stratum corneum Layer: An Effective Barrier against Dermal Uptake of Different Forms of Topically Applied Micronised Titanium Dioxide

Pflücker, F.; Wendel, V.; Hohenberg, Heinz; Gärtner, E.; Will, T.; Pfeiffer, Stephan; Wepf, Roger; Gers‐Barlag, H.

doi:10.1159/000056396

Cited by 149 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…Many reports have indicated that the penetration of particles into the stratum corneum is limited by particle size, and nanoTiO 2 does not appear to penetrate through the stratum corneum of healthy skin (Borm et al, 2006;Furukawa et al, 2010;Gamer et al, 2006;Lademann et al, 1999;Mavon et al, 2007;Pflucker et al, 2001;Sadrieh et al, 2010;SCCP, 2007;Schulz et al, 2002). However, developments in alternative drug delivery systems at the nanoscale level have also introduced the concept of a nanoemulsion containing oil, surfactant, and water to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic materials (Newman et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although nano-TiO 2 did not produce any contact sensitizing effects at concentrations ranging from 1-10% (w/v), there was a dose-responsive increase in percentage ear swelling in the irritancy study, with statistically significant increases observed at the 5 and 10% dose levels (equivalent to 125 and 250 mg/kg/ day, respectively, for a 20 g mouse). These results may be due to the inability of nano-TiO 2 to penetrate beyond the upper layer of the stratum corneum after dermal administration to healthy skin (Borm et al, 2006;Furukawa et al, 2010;Gamer et al, 2006;Lademann et al, 1999;Mavon et al, 2007;Pflucker et al, 2001;SCCP, 2007;Schulz et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While many reports have indicated that nano-TiO 2 (20-100 nm diameter) does not penetrate through the stratum corneum of healthy skin, some reports have shown that nano-TiO 2 can penetrate the upper layers of the stratum corneum with minimal penetration into the stratum granulosum (Borm et al, 2006;Furukawa et al, 2010;Gamer et al, 2006;Lademann et al, 1999;Mavon et al, 2007;Pflucker et al, 2001;Sadrieh et al, 2010;SCCP, 2007;Schulz et al, 2002). Moreover, 30 nm diameter nano-TiO 2 has demonstrated prominent photocatalytic activity in promoting formation of protein tyrosine nitration after UV exposure in mouse skin homogenates in vitro (Lu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Auttachoat

McLoughlin

White

et al. 2013

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ) is a white pigment widely used in foods, sunscreens, and other cosmetic products. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to nano-TiO 2 results in immunosuppressive effects or induces a contact hypersensitivity response. To address these data gaps, studies were conducted with the hypothesis that nano-TiO 2 exposure could alter immune responses. After 28 days of oral gavage, nano-TiO 2 (1.25-250 mg/kg in 0.5% methylcellulose) produced no significant effects on innate, humoral, or cell-mediated immune functions in female B6C3F1 mice. Furthermore, there were no effects on the weights of selected organs (spleen, thymus, liver, lung, and kidneys with adrenals). Following dermal exposure on the ears for 3 days, nano-TiO 2 (2.5-10% w/v in 4:1 acetone:olive oil) did not affect auricular lymph node cell proliferation, although an irritancy response was observed following treatment with 5% and 10% nano-TiO 2 . Dermal sensitization (2.5-10%) on the back and subsequent challenge (10%) on the right ear with nano-TiO 2 produced no significant effects on percentage ear swelling in the Mouse Ear Swelling Test (MEST). However, when nano-TiO 2 was injected subcutaneously along the mid-line on top of the head at 125-250 mg/kg (in 0.5% methylcellulose), significant increases in auricular lymph node cell proliferation resulted. These results demonstrate that immune effects of nano-TiO 2 exposure are route-of-exposure dependent, and they suggest that irritancy and/or potential hypersensitivity responses may occur following parenteral exposure or dermal administration of nano-TiO 2 to compromised skin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Auttachoat

McLoughlin

White

et al. 2013

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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“…Pflucker and colleagues published a study in 2001 which used electron and light microscopy to evaluate whether dermal penetration of micronized titanium dioxide particles occurred to any measurable degree. Their results suggested that particles could only be found in the top most layer of the stratum corneum and further penetration into deeper layers of stratum corneum, epidermis, or dermis was not noted [18]. Sadrieh and colleagues conducted a similar more recent study in 2010 using electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray analysis and again noted that there was no significant penetration of particles past the intact epidermis [19].…”

Section: Safety Of Titanium Dioxide Sunscreensmentioning

confidence: 98%

Titanium Dioxide in Sunscreen

Trivedi¹,

Murase²

2017

Application of Titanium Dioxide

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Titanium dioxide has been used in various industrial and cosmetic applications due to its unique elemental properties. This substance has a refractive index higher than most other compounds (n = 2.6142, in comparison to water at 20℃ n = 1.33). This allows titanium dioxide to have an iridescent and bright quality. It has been used in the cosmetics industry for "whitening" and "thickening" in multiple make-up brands. As titanium dioxide has the ability to greatly absorb UV light, it has been used as a physical sunscreen for many years. Over time, newer formulations, including "nanoparticle" formulations, have been marketed for ease of consumer use. We aim to discuss the evolution of titanium dioxide in sunscreens over time, discuss its mechanisms of actions, and comment on the efficacy and safety of these products.

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“…The results of electron microscope examinations showed that titanium dioxide could be found only in the outermost layer of the stratum corneum (Pfücker et al 2001). …”

Section: Absorption Distribution Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium dioxide (respirable fraction) [MAK Value Documentation, 2009]

2014

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Published in the series Occupational Toxicants , 2014 The article contains sections titled: Toxic Effects and Mode of Action Mechanism of Action Toxicokinetics and Metabolism Absorption, distribution, elimination Metabolism Effects in Humans Single exposures Repeated exposure Local effects on skin and mucous membranes Allergenic effects Reproductive toxicity Genotoxicity Carcinogenicity Animal Experiments and in vitro Studies Acute toxicity Subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity Local effects on skin and mucous membranes Allergenic effects Reproductive toxicity Genotoxicity Carcinogenicity Other effects Manifesto (MAK value/characterization)

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The Human Stratum corneum Layer: An Effective Barrier against Dermal Uptake of Different Forms of Topically Applied Micronised Titanium Dioxide

Cited by 149 publications

References 1 publication

Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Titanium Dioxide in Sunscreen

Titanium dioxide (respirable fraction) [MAK Value Documentation, 2009]

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