The Hydroethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard (Sapotaceae) Produced N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor-Dependent Analgesia and Attenuates Acute Inflammatory Pain via Disruption of Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Background. Tieghemella heckelii stem bark is used in African traditional medicine to treat inflammatory pain conditions. However, these biological actions of the plant have not been proven. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and the mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of the hydroethanolic stem bark extract of T. heckelii (THBE). Methods. Phytochemical composition of THBE was investigated using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay. Analgesic activity was evaluated using hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing assays. Mechanism of analgesic action was determined using pharmacological antagonist such as naloxone, atropine, flumazenil, nifedipine, or ketamine. Test agents were administered orally as follows: Tween 80 (5%) (control), diclofenac sodium (DS) 10/tramadol 9 mg/kg (standard), or THBE 10, 100, and 450 mg/kg. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation levels were also measured. Results. THBE which contained 58.45% saponins, 229.04 ± 0.049 GAE mg/g phenolic compounds,and 0.482 ± 0.0028 QE mg/g flavonoids produced ( p < 0.5) anti-inflammatory effect of 56.22% and analgesia of 330 ± 72% and 50.4% in the hot plate and writhing assays, respectively, at 10 mg/kg and inhibited oxidative stress by GPx and SOD elevation in rats during inflammation. Ketamine significantly blocked the analgesia of THBE, indicating NMDA receptor-dependent analgesic action. Whereas, naloxone, atropine, nifedipine, and flumazenil could not antagonize the analgesic action of THBE. Conclusion. These results show that THBE produced potent anti-inflammatory effect via disruption of oxidative stress and also generated NMDA receptor-dependent analgesia.

Anti-arthritic and anti-oxidant activities of Antrocaryon micraster seed extract and its fractions

“…Studies have shown that an effective in vitro DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of a plant extract indicates a corresponding in vivo anti-oxidant potency (Kumatia et al, 2021b;Kumatia et al, 2021c). Therefore, ASE and ASEA may also be very effective anti-oxidant agents in vivo which contributes to its anti-arthritic activity.…”

Antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of “dimethyl dimethoxy biphenyl dicarboxylate” in male Wistar rats

“…The central analgesic effect of opioid analgesics is mediated by their effect on opioid receptors. [ 26 27 ] The antipyretic action of DDB could be due to a reduction in prostaglandin levels and pro-inflammatory mediators. [ 25 ]…”

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“…Pain results from acute inflammatory processes which stimulate sensory neurons through mediators related to inflammation such as, prostacycline, prostaglandine, histamine, thromboxane, prostaglandins, substance P, bradykinins, and cytokines released after cell injury. This pain signal is then amplified and transmitted leading to clinical pain states and central sensitization (Kumatia et al, 2021). The constriction of abdominal muscles, extension of the forelimbs, and elongation of the body occurs due to release of several endogenous inflammatory mediators which induce visceral pain.…”

“…Analgesic activity depends on the interruption of neuropeptides, inflammatory mediators, and or neurotransmitters used in the perception and transmission of pain, and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAIDS) inhibit various chemicals to achieve this goal. This includes, inhibition of mediators such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and therefore reduced release of prostaglandins (PGs) (Kumatia et al, 2021, Tewari et al, 2021.…”