The hydrological regime of a forested tropical Andean catchment

Clark, K. E.; Torres, Mark A.; West, A. Joshua; Hilton, Robert; New, Mark; Horwath, Aline B.; Fisher, Joshua B.; Rapp, Joshua M.; Caceres, A. Robles; Malhi, Yadvinder

doi:10.5194/hess-18-5377-2014

Cited by 54 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Because this complex behavior occurs at high runoff rates, it has an important impact on the total solute fluxes. Compared to the other sites, San Pedro has the highest annual precipitation (Lambs et al, 2012;Clark et al, 2014), which may be a factor contributing to its unique behavior at high runoff.…”

Section: The Effects Of Changes In Fluid Flow Paths On Concentration-mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…at the Wayqecha gauging station) in order to investigate mixing relationships. Following Clark et al (2014), samples collected between December and March are labeled wet season samples, samples collected in April are labeled wet-to-dry season transition samples, samples collected between May and September are labeled dry seasons samples, and samples collected between October and November are labeled dry-to-wet season transition samples. Samples for major and minor element analysis were collected from the river surface in a clean polypropylene (PP) bottle, filtered onsite with a 0.2 lm nylon filter and split into two aliquots stored in separate 60 mL high-density polyethylene bottles (HDPE).…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Discharge was measured at each of the main sampling localities as described by Ballew (2011) and Clark et al (2014). Briefly, river level was monitored manually at all sites and converted to discharge using a rating curve.…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the study period (2010-2011), annual rainfall was 2519 ± 3 35 mm year À1 and 3112 ± 414 mm year À1 for the Way and SP catchments respectively, slightly above the long-term average . Like air temperature, rainfall also shows a strong elevational dependence (Lambs et al, 2012;Clark et al, 2014). For the same 2010-2011 period, annual runoff was estimated to be 3065 mm year À1 and 2796 ± 126 mm year À1 for the Way and SP catchments respectively .…”

Section: Andean Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Near the sampling locality, meteorological stations (data available from http://atrium.andesamazon.org) record temperatures that typically range from 21 to 26°C with a mean of $24°C and precipitation volumes that range from 2600 to 3500 mm/year, with mean values between 2700 and 3000 mm/year (Lambs et al, 2012). A majority of the annual rainfall in Peru occurs during the austral summer (Lambs et al, 2012;Clark et al, 2014). The catchment area of CICRA is largely underlain by sediments shed from the Andes with additional contributions from Cretaceous marine sediments and Cenozoic continental deposits (Räsänen et al, 1992;Mendívil Echevarría and Dávila Manrique, 1994;Carlotto Caillaux et al, 1996;Vargas Vilchez and Hipolito Romero, 1998;INGEMMET, 2013).…”

Section: Foreland Floodplain Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Geomorphic regime modulates hydrologic control of chemical weathering in the Andes–Amazon

Torres

West

Clark

2015

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

110

180

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The interplay between the hydrologic processes that supply, store, and route water in catchment systems and the chemical weathering reactions that add and remove solutes acts as an important control on chemical weathering fluxes. In this study, we use paired measurements of solute chemistry and runoff in four nested catchments that span the transition from the Andes Mountains to the Amazonian foreland floodplain in Peru in order to investigate the links between hydrology and weathering processes and to determine how these links change across a geomorphic gradient. All of the sites show variation in elemental concentrations and ratios with runoff consistent with hydrologically driven changes in lithologic sources, the extent of secondary mineral precipitation, and, potentially, fluid flow paths. In the Andean sites, solute concentrations are relatively constant despite large changes in runoff. This is in direct contrast to the foreland floodplain site, where solute concentrations are diluted as runoff increases. In the Andes-Amazon, the concentration-runoff behavior is correlated with the mean catchment slope angle, which suggests that erosional processes, by modulating the timescales over which weathering reactions occur within the critical zone, can be an underlying control on solute production and therefore on chemical weathering. Due to the co-variation between the geomorphic and hydrologic controls on chemical weathering, weathering fluxes in Andean sites are more sensitive to seasonal changes in runoff than in the foreland floodplain site.

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Section: The Effects Of Changes In Fluid Flow Paths On Concentration-mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Andean Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Foreland Floodplain Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Geomorphic regime modulates hydrologic control of chemical weathering in the Andes–Amazon

Torres

West

Clark

2015

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

110

180

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Erosion of organic carbon from the Andes and its effects on ecosystem carbon dioxide balance

et al. 2017

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Productive forests of the Andes are subject to high erosion rates that supply to the Amazon River sediment and carbon from both recently photosynthesized biomass and geological sources. Despite this recognition, the source and discharge of particulate organic carbon (POC) in Andean Rivers remain poorly constrained. We collected suspended sediments from the Kosñipata River, Peru, over 1 year at two river gauging stations. Carbon isotopes (14C, 13C, and 12C) and nitrogen to organic carbon ratios of the suspended sediments suggest a mixture of POC from sedimentary rocks (POCpetro) and from the terrestrial biosphere (POCbiosphere). The majority of the POCbiosphere has a composition similar to surface soil horizons, and we estimate that it is mostly younger than 850 14C years. The suspended sediment yield in 2010 was 3500 ± 210 t km−2 yr−1, >10 times the yield from the Amazon Basin. The POCbiosphere yield was 12.6 ± 0.4 t C km−2 yr−1 and the POCpetro yield was 16.1 ± 1.4 t C km−2 yr−1, mostly discharged in the wet season (December to March) during flood events. The river POCbiosphere discharge is large enough to play a role in determining whether Andean forests are a source or sink of carbon dioxide. The estimated erosional discharge of POCpetro from the Andes is much larger (~1 Mt C yr−1) than the POCpetro discharge by the Madeira River downstream in the Amazon Basin, suggesting that oxidation of POCpetro counters CO2 drawdown by silicate weathering. The flux and fate of Andean POCbiosphere and POCpetro need to be better constrained to fully understand the carbon budget of the Amazon River basin.

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Mixing as a driver of temporal variations in river hydrochemistry: 2. Major and trace element concentration dynamics in the Andes‐Amazon transition

Baronas

Torres

Clark

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

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Variations in riverine solute chemistry with changing runoff are used to interrogate catchment hydrology and to investigate chemical reactions in Earth's critical zone. This approach requires some understanding of how spatial and temporal averaging of solute‐generating reactions affect the dissolved load of rivers and streams. In this study, we investigate the concentration‐runoff (C‐Q) dynamics of a suite of major (Na, Mg, Ca, Si, K, and SO4) and trace (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, Li, Mn, Mo, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sr, U, V, and Zn) elements in nested catchments of variable size, spanning the geomorphic gradient from the Andes Mountains to the Amazon Foreland‐floodplain. The major elements exhibit various degrees of dilution with increasing runoff at all sites, whereas the concentrations of most trace elements either increase or show no relationship with increasing runoff in the three larger catchments (160–28,000 km2 area). We show that the observed main stem C‐Q dynamics are influenced by variable mixing of tributaries with distinct C‐Q relationships. Trace element C‐Q relationships are more variable among tributaries relative to major elements, which could be the result of variations in geomorphology, lithology, and hydrology of the subcatchments. Certain trace metals are also lost from solution during in‐channel processes (possibly related to colloidal size‐partitioning), which may exert an additional control on C‐Q dynamics. Overall, we suggest that tributary aggregation effects should be assessed in heterogeneous catchments before C‐Q or ratio‐Q relationships can be interpreted as reflecting catchment‐wide solute generation processes and their relationship to hydrology.

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The hydrological regime of a forested tropical Andean catchment

Cited by 54 publications

References 111 publications

Geomorphic regime modulates hydrologic control of chemical weathering in the Andes–Amazon

Geomorphic regime modulates hydrologic control of chemical weathering in the Andes–Amazon

Erosion of organic carbon from the Andes and its effects on ecosystem carbon dioxide balance

Mixing as a driver of temporal variations in river hydrochemistry: 2. Major and trace element concentration dynamics in the Andes‐Amazon transition

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