The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: Early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies

Alexandre-Silva, Gabriel M.; Brito-Souza, Pablo A.; Oliveira, Ana Carolina Saldanha de; Cerni, Felipe Augusto; Zottich, Umberto; Pucca, Manuela Berto

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.032

Cited by 54 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Future studies will focus on identifying the individual components of FHTE that mediate direct suppression of T cells. It has already been demonstrated that ES‐62 from filarial nematode directly downregulates IL‐17A production from Th17 cells , however, our findings reveal a novel mechanism evolved by helminths to suppress effector γδ T cell responses, providing further to support for the hygiene hypothesis .…”

supporting

confidence: 57%

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Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

et al. 2019

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supporting

confidence: 57%

“…. Infection of mice with helminths or treatment with their products can protect against various autoimmune diseases by promoting anti‐inflammatory innate immune responses and Tregs that suppress pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells . Helminth therapy has also been tested with modest success in MS patients .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

et al. 2019

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“…In the past few years, a large scientific effort has been focused on understanding how microbiome and parasites modulate the human immune system, especially how exposure to these antigens impacts on the incidence of inflammatory and agerelated diseases (119)(120)(121). The scope of disorders affected by contact with different microbiomes and food components has been enlarged lately including allergies, autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, food allergy, vascular disease, cancers, and inflammation-associated psychiatric disorders (117,119,122).…”

Section: Hygiene Hypothesis-infections As Beneficial Immunological Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammaging in Endemic Areas for Infectious Diseases

et al. 2020

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Immunosenescence is marked by a systemic process named inflammaging along with a series of defects in the immunological activity that results in poor responses to infectious agents and to vaccination. Inflammaging, a state of low-grade chronic inflammation, usually leads to chronic inflammatory diseases and frailty in the elderly. However, some elderly escape from frailty and reach advanced age free of the consequences of inflammaging. This process has been called immunological remodeling, and it is the hallmark of healthy aging as described in the studies of centenarians in Italy. The biological markers of healthy aging are still a matter of debate, and the studies on the topic have focused on inflammatory versus remodeling processes and molecules. The sub-clinical inflammatory status associated with aging might be a deleterious event for populations living in countries where chronic infectious diseases are not prevalent. Nevertheless, in other parts of the world where they are, two possibilities may occur. Inflammatory responses may have a protective effect against these infectious agents. At the same time, the long-term consequences of protective immune responses during chronic infections may result in accelerated immunosenescence in these individuals. Therefore, the biological markers of healthy aging can vary according to environmental, cultural, and geographical settings that reflect worldwide, and in a non-biased, non-westernized perspective, the changes that we experience regarding our contacts with microorganisms and the outcomes of such contacts.

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“…The lack of contact with the "dirt" (physical and emotional) of the outside world has been deleterious for our well-being and immune system as highlighted by the "hygiene hypothesis" (Stiemsma et al, 2015;Leong et al, 2016;Ege, 2017;Alexandre-Silva et al, 2018). According to this theory, "the decreasing incidence of infections in western countries and more recently in developing countries is at the origin of the increasing incidence of both autoimmune and allergic diseases" (Okada et al, 2010).…”

Section: Education and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quisquis Amat Valeat! (Whoever Loves, May He be Well) Why Love and Passion Are Important for the Well-Being of the Immune System

D’Acquisto

2019

Front. Educ.

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Quisquis amat valeat; pereat qui non-scit amare; bis tanti pereat, quisquis amare vetat"-(Whoever loves, may he be well; may he perish who does not know how to love; may he perish twice as much whoever forbids loving). This graffiti was found in the old city of Pompei. The author is unknown. Possibly a poet but quite possibly an ordinary citizen who in the spur of their passion wanted to share with everyone a pearl of wisdom. Amare in Latin is "to love" and, as in English, it is not just about sex or romance, but also about passion for a cause or an ideal. The Latins knew that to be in love, to have a passion, is to be healthy in the body and as well as in the mind. In this article, I hypothesize that the lack of passion and love in life is one of the main causes of modern diseases and specifically immune/inflammatory diseases. I will explore in layman terms the limitations of specifically focusing on controlling bodily functions without considering the social and emotional dimensions of one's life. Lastly, I will highlight the importance of cooperative research, engagement with the public and education as the way forward for a more effective and democratic model for new socially inclusive therapies.

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The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: Early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies

Cited by 54 publications

References 126 publications

Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Inflammaging in Endemic Areas for Infectious Diseases

Quisquis Amat Valeat! (Whoever Loves, May He be Well) Why Love and Passion Are Important for the Well-Being of the Immune System

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