The Hypothetical Ground Plan of the Zygaenidae, with a Review of the Possible Autapomorphies of the Procridinae and the Description of the InouelinaeSubfam. nov.

Abstract

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Phylogenetic position of the ‘extinct’ Fijian coconut moth, Levuana iridescens (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

“…New dissections for both sexes of Levuana were made from USNM specimens (Fig 1), and morphological characters were coded by GMT using these specimens and dissections, as well as detailed descriptions and illustrations by Tothill et al in 1930 [14]. Adscita Retzius, 1783 (= Procris [Fabricius in Illiger], 1807), the type genus for the sister-tribe Procridini [21], was selected as outgroup. This new data matrix containing 14 taxa was analysed using PAUP* 4.0a164 [43] and a consensus tree was obtained.…”

“…The tribe Artonini is represented in the Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions. Diagnostic characters of this group, as described in detail previously [21], include: 1) Head dorsoventrally compressed with flat occiput [15]; 2) Chaetosema extending forward between the compound eye and the ocellus [15, 20]; 3) A single unpaired medial spur developed on hind tibia [22–27], although it can be secondarily reduced in some species [15], this spur is absent in all species of the tribe Procridini [28–36]; 4) Valva in male genitalia fan-shaped [15, 20], the dorsal and ventral sclerotisations close together when in a relaxed position but can be remarkably spread when everted from the abdominal end to hold the abdomen of the female [21]; the translucent membrane between the dorsal and ventral sclerotisations is folded; this gives the whole valva a fan-shaped appearance; 5) Antenna with very movable pectinations (they can be closed to the shaft when the specimen is disturbed) [21]; and 6) First instar larva with only one dorsal seta on the first abdominal segment [15, 37, 38] (plesiomorphic variant– 2 dorsal setae on the first abdominal segment).…”

An illustrated catalogue of the type specimens of Lepidoptera (Insecta) housed in the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH): Part I. superfamilies Hepialoidea, Cossoidea, and Zygaenoidea

“…However, most of these characters have still not been sufficiently studied throughout all families. An overview regarding this discussion can be found in Efetov and Tarmann (2017). The Zygaenoidea contain the 13 families: Epipyropidae, Cyclotornidae, Himantopteridae, Anomoeotidae, Megalopygidae, Somabrachidae, Aididae, Limacodidae, Dalceridae, Lacturidae, Heterogynidae, Phaudidae, and Zygaenidae (Epstein et al 1999;Efetov et al 2014).…”

“…The family Zygaenidae has a world-wide distribution and is divided into the five subfamilies Inouelinae, Procridinae, Chalcosiinae, Callizygaeninae and Zygaeninae (Efetov and Tarmann 2017); it includes more than 1,000 species. 25 relevant characters that are possibly part of a 'hypothetical groundplan' of the family are discussed in detail in Efetov and Tarmann (2017). The most relevant possible autapomorphies of Zygaenidae are: 1.…”

New Data on Distribution of Genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

“…Hybrids of the Zygaena angelicae and Z. transalpina species inhabit mountainous areas over 2000 meters above sea level. Zygaena angelicae inhabits areas of lower, while Zygaena transalpina inhabits areas of higher altitude (Efetov & Tarmann, 2016).…”